205 Mich. 28 | Mich. | 1919
Respondent brings this case here for review before sentence on his conviction in the circuit court of Oakland county under an information charging him with having as supervisor of the township of Royal Oak falsely and fraudulently reported a wrong valuation of that township to the board of supervisors
The township of Royal Oak, containing a village of the same name, lies near and just north of the city of Detroit, and was roused from its previous rural quiet by an invading demand for real estate at greatly enhanced values with a feverish haste to plat the same as suburban property of Detroit to meet the existing or anticipated demand which took place in the environments of that city from 1915 to 1917. Respondent was supervisor of Royal Oak township during that time and as a result of this so-cálled “real estate boom” the assessment roll of Royal Oak township, which consisted of 137 pages in 1912, grew to 1,600 pages in 1917. In 1915, when respondent was elected supervisor of that township, he established his office in his house, hiring a young lady by the name of Dorothy Smith as clerk, assisted at week ends by his own son who was attending school at Ypsilanti. At the January, 1916, session of the board of supervisors he ordered four books of 200 pages each for his 1916 assessment roll and later, discovering it was not sufficient, ordered another book of 250 pages, after the spring election of 1916. During the summer of 1916 the Detroit real estate boom which had spread over that section resulted in such hasty platting of subdivisions that there were upon the assessment roll of that year about 84 more plats than the previous year, with approximately 17,400 more descriptions. The township board consisted of respondent, as supervisor, Mr. Blair, its clerk, and two justices of the peace whose offices would soonest expire, named Grow and Wheeler. Wheeler was’ a paralytic and took little, if any, part in public matters; Grow’s term of office expired in July, 1916, and though re-elected he did not qualify. Respondent and Blair were the only active members
Apparently owing to rumors afloat and confusion •in township affairs, H. E. Miller, the incoming treasurer in 1917, succeeding a treasurer named Mark Halsey, refused to take over the township treasurer’s books and responsibilities until an audit was had, but finally assumed the duties of the office after giving a receipt for the amount of money actually turned over to him. Later the township board by official action procured the services of a trust company of Detroit to conduct an audit of the township books and records. An audit was thereafter made by a certified public accountant in the employ of the trust company who completed his work in September of that year and made a report, three copies of' which respondent directed should be delivered to him. They were mailed to Mr. Blair, the township clerk, from whom respondent secured two copies shortly. thereafter, one of which he retained at his home and the other he delivered to his attorney who was then acting as attorney for the township. Except the respondent claims to have discussed the matter with his counsel the township officials seem to have done nothing further until February 11, 1918, when the prosecuting attorney of Oakland county took the matter up and first endeavored to have something in the nature of an amicable investigation before the township board
Defendant’s bill of exceptions presents 47 assignments of error involving numerous dilatory proceedings by motion for change of venue, motions to quash the information, motions for continuance, etc., in which no reversible error is found, while certain others, based on objections raised during the trial, are unfortunately not properly presented because obscured by facts asserted in their support which do not appear in the record and for that reason are not entitled to consideration.
This information is filed under section 15308, 3 Comp. Laws 1915 (being section 27 of chapter 257, entitled “Offenses against Property”), which provides:
“If any officer, clerk or other person, employed in the treasury of this State, or in the treasury of any county, or in any other public office within this State, shall commit any fraud or embezzlement therein, he shall be punished by imprisonment in the State’s prison,” etc.
The specific criminal act with which respondent was charged and for which he was tried under this statute
The board of supervisors held a meeting in June of that year for the purpose, amongst other things, of equalizing the valuations of the several townships in the county and determining upon a basis for the State and county tax, and a committee of equalization was appointed which proceeded in the performance of its duties to look over the assessment rolls of the various townships and ascertain each supervisor’s assessed valuation of his township. Respondent had not near finished making the assessment roll for his township at that time, but attended the meeting of the board, held in Pontiac, taking along his incompleted assessment roll consisting of five volumes. Three of these were practically completed, the fourth but partially, with very little done upon the fifth which, when done,' included practically all the property in Royal Oak village and so far as completed but part of the volumes had been footed in lead pencil. No definite statement of valuation could be reached from this uncompleted roll. Respondent testified he stated to the chairman
At the annual meeting of the board of supervisors in October, 1916, the committee on equalization completed its work but did not go over the rolls again or ever attempt to total , the Royal Oak township assessment roll. The chairman asked respondent for the total amount of his roll, or whether there was any change in the valuation figures, and he replied there had been an increase and stated an amount. $3,600. was then added to his roll in the equalization. Respondent claimed the amount he stated to the chairman was $36,000 instead of $3,600, and that he did not notice the mistake when the report of the committee was approved.
After the June session of the board certain property previously listed as acreage was platted;, it is claimed to have been discovered that the Burroughs adding machine used in respondent’s office was out of order to such an extent as to sadly bewilder the clerical force for a time, making a large difference (variously stated as $200,000 and $800,000) in the school district valuations alone, and in fine whether through
It appears that neither the board of supervisors nor its committee on equalization examined all the assessment rolls of the several townships to determine the relative valuations and accuracy of the footings in making up the equalization and apportionment for the county, as required by statute and in respondent’s case at both its meetings simply accepted his memorandum of estimate and oral statements as to valuations. He testified that he tried to get a hearing before the committee to explain the situation ,,but was not given opportunity to do so; but in any event it appears undisputed that acting on the information obtained from him the board as a basis of equalization determined the valuation of Royal Oak*township at $9,832,200; and the rate spread and computed upon the individual valuations of the various parcels of property upon the assessment roll of the township of Royal Oak for that year resulted in a collection of about $12,000 more money in that township than was required to settle for the State and county taxes, which surplus was retained and distributed among the several funds of the township.
It is conceded by the defense that this result is attributable to the discrepancy between the valuation of the township for equalization determined by the board from respondent’s oral report and its actual valuation for assessment purposes as shown by his assessment roll. It is also admitted by the prosecution that respondent is not shown to have embezzled, received or, directly at least, profited by any of this
With these concessions on the respective sides, which the record fully bears out, the controlling issue in this criminal prosecution centers to a question of criminal intent, or the constructive purpose of the act, incidental to which is that of motive. The same results would follow between the township and county whether this incorrect report by respondent to the board of supervisors was an innocent mistake resulting from incompetency or confusion of accounts and records, or was designedly made incorrect and false with a sinister and criminal intent to deceive and defraud.
It was conceded by the ‘prosecution that the erroneous information communicated by respondent to the chairman of the committee on equalization at the June meeting of the board of supervisors was in the nature of an estimate, and no criminality is charged against him as to that transaction. The charge of fraud perpetrated with criminal intent is directed to his replies and report at the October meeting. Not denying the charged incorrect report it was contended by and for defendant that it was an honest mistake innocently made under the confusing press of rapidly increasing duties and enhancement of values without thought, or realization, of. any resulting benefit to himself. The burden of proof rested upon the prosecution to prove criminal intent and motive, to which end various official books and records of Royal Oak township kept during defendant’s incumbency were put in evidence and his official conduct in township affairs was gone into at length, interspersed with numerous objections
We are, however, impressed that undue latitude and emphasis was permitted in the range over certain collateral inquiries and issues, to a confusing extent prejudicially tending against a fair and unbiased determination of the one controlling issue of fact for the jury. In the absence of proof of personal profit or benefit, it was the theory of the prosecution that motive and criminal intent were made manifest by proof of a shortage in the accounts of the township treasurer, presumptively known to respondent because the township board of which he was a member had audited and certified as correct the treasurer’s records, and that respondent’s false report of valuations to the board of supervisors was made designedly to create by the actual valuation a surplus fund for the township to replace, or cover up, the treasurer’s shortage. This charge was centered upon the books and records of the treasurer’s account for 1916, one Halsey being then township treasurer. His books as kept showed a shortage .for that year and it was charged he was a defaulter. While it is not shown that respondent had anything to do with keeping these books, and he is not prosecuted for conspiracy in connection with the shortage, this exceptional collateral proof of another offense by another party is permissible only under the wide latitude of inquiry allowed where the issue is fraud, to aid in determining motive, or guilty knowledge and intent in the crime charged, and should be guardedly restricted to that single purpose. The audit of the books and records of the township, made by
Various errors are assigned against the charge which is claimed to be argumentative and prejudicial in designated particulars not requiring discussion here, beyond an assignment involving the testimony relative to the township treasurers’ shortages. In one portion of the charge the court told the jury that:
“As bearing on the question of respondent’s good faith in his action in reporting the valuation of his township to the board of supervisors, at their October session, you may take into consideration whether or not there were any shortages in the account of the township treasurer of Royal Oak in 1915 and 1916, which came to respondent’s knowledge.”
And later in the charge instructed the jury that—
“The prior and subsequent circumstances were admitted only for the purpose of aiding you in arriving at a correct conclusion as to whether or not the acts of fraud were actually committed as alleged in the information.”
The question of whether any or all of the township treasurers were short in their accounts constituted in itself an independent collateral matter which at that-time had not been judicially determined. The law is well settled that it would be error for the trial court to instruct the jury they might consider a collateral offense, even by the respondent himself, as evidence of the fact or substantive act of the offense charged. People v. Thacker, 108 Mich. 652; People v. Giddings,
As the verdict must be set aside, and a re-trial granted for the errors noted, it seems advisable to briefly refer to two assignments of error which it is tenaciously insisted entitle respondent to an order of discharge. They are in brief that his counsel’s motion to quash the information and later for a directed verdict in his behalf should have been granted because it is not shown or claimed that the county of Oakland “ever suffered a dollar of loss” by reason of the charged fraudulent report; and that because interrogated in the inquisitorial proceedings under Act No. 196, Pub. Acts 1917, as to matters covered by the information against him his statutory and constitutional rights. preclude this prosecution.
To constitute the charged •criminal perpetration of fraud against the county under the statute it is not essential to prove that the municipal corporation as such sustained direct pecuniary loss. Respondent in .reporting the assessed valuation of his township to the board of supervisors was performing an official duty essential to the correct and valid performance of a governmental duty by the county through its official agents in raising public funds for the State and county by taxation. “Fraud” and “bad faith” are often synonymous, and particularly so as applied to the conduct
On the investigation into the affairs of the township held under Act No. 196 after the prosecuting attorney had obtained a copy of the auditor’s report respondent was one of the many witnesses who were examined. A subpoena was issued for him to appear as a witness and, while a disputed question, it may be assumed was served. Some time before the investigation he was in possession of the auditor’s report upon which his prosecution is chiefly based and had delivered a copy to his attorney, retaining one for himself. While the investigation was in progress and before he was called as a witness he had arranged with his attorney that, as he states, “if anything would happen to me * * * he would take the case” and had asked him if he should produce his books and tax rolls at the investigation without being subpoenaed, which the attorney advised him to do. He was told
“That during such investigation this deponent had consulted with his attorney, A. L. Moore, who had been his friend, adviser and counsel for years, and who was his trusted friend and adviser.”
On the trial when sworn as. a witness in his own behalf he stated that when examined at the investigation he supposed he had to answer the questions and when counsel for the prosecution asked him if he then intimated that he did not wish to answer any of them, his counsel objected on the ground that having been summoned by subpoena he was compelled to téstify under the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of Act No. 196, irrespective of section 4 of the act. Following this, and in the absence of the jury, respondent’s counsel re-examined him briefly before the court upon that subject and, his rights under Act No. 196 having been discussed the court sustained the objection, ruling in substance that the prosecution could not upon the trial show what respondent’s testimony was in the preliminary investigation, stating that the ruling was made “in view of this new statute” of which respondent should have the benefit. The jury was then called in and his cross-examination resumed upon
Had the prosecution been permitted to prove before the jury incriminating answers given by respondent to questions asked him on the inquisitorial proceedings for discovery under the statute other questions might arise; but what questions were asked respondent when a witness at that investigation or what answers, incriminating or otherwise, he may have made are not disclosed. His counsel’s assumption in that particular would seem to be based either on matters de hors the record, or a presumption that having been a witness at this investigation for discovery of crime, analogous to a grand jury inquiry, and after-wards prosecuted as the result of information discovered, he must have given incriminating testimony against himself. No such presumption obtains in law, or upon the facts in this case. This investigation of the confused accounts and questionable affairs of the township occupied several weeks, involving a protracted examination of numerous books, rolls, records, accounts, vouchers, etc., of the township officials and, many witnesses. As shown by the evidence produced at the trial, the information obtained at the investigation upon which the prosecution was based and the evidence relied upon for conviction was available from other sources and witnesses, which it required no aid or admissions from respondent to secure. Counsel’s claim as to respondent’s constitutional and statutory rights resolves itself upon this record into the proposition that a person who is summoned to testify before a court of inquiry, or called as a witness in an authorized proceeding for the discovery of crime under Act No. 196, and there gives testimony, whatever
For the reasons stated the verdict must be set aside and a re-trial granted.