THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ROBERT EARL WHITE, Defendant and Appellant.
No. B267529
Second Dist., Div. Five.
Sept. 19, 2016.
202 Cal. App. 4th 433
Vanessa Place, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews and Ryan M. Smith, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
KRIEGLER, J.-The issue in this case is whether a defendant‘s various mental conditions,1 including frotteuristic disorder, exhibitionist disorder, bipolar disorder, and antisocial disorder, which two experts opined would likely result in future acts of sexual battery, satisfy the requirement of the Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA) (
Following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant аnd appellant Robert Earl White to be a sexually violent predator (SVP). The court‘s written statement of decision examined two portions of
Defendant contends that (1) the trial court incorrectly defined the SVPA‘s requirement of “sexually violent criminal behavior” and (2) assuming the trial court used the correct definition, the phrase “sexually violent criminal behavior” is void for vagueness. We affirm.
Defendant‘s Criminal History and Institutional Behavior3
Defendant was the subject of a sustained juvenile delinquency petition for assault with a deadly weapon in 1975. Defendant pleaded guilty in 1979 to assault to commit rape after walking up behind a wоman on the street, grabbing her breast and crotch, restraining her, and telling her he would kill her if she did not let him touch her. He then “hump[ed]” her, and made motions to unzip his pants. The victim screamed. Defendant fled and was ultimately chased down by a neighbor.
In 1981, defendant was charged with indecent exposure, disorderly conduct, soliciting a lewd act, and immoral acts before a child. He was convicted of immoral acts before a child. The record does not contain any official description of this offense. Defendant said he had been urinating in public.
In April 1983, defendant was convicted of indecent exposure. Defendant approached a female stranger in a parking lot, unzipped his pants, exposed his penis, and asked, “Do you want some of this?”
In October 1983, defendant was charged with annoying or molesting a child, assault to commit rape, rape, fighting, disorderly conduct, and soliciting a lewd act. The charges were dismissed. According to a report, a woman was getting into her parked car when defendant suddenly approached her on his bike and said, “Do you want to suck my big dick?” She was afraid, did not respond, and got into her car. Defendant then said, “Do you want to see my big dick?” She was extremely fearful and quickly left. When police found defendant, he initially lied about what he had been doing, but then said that he knew they were stopping him because he had “made comments about her ass.”
In December 1984, defendant was charged with sexual battery and convicted of battery after approaching two different women in a grocery store
In July 1998, defendant was convicted of sexual battery after walking into a children‘s clothing store with his hand in his pocket. He approached the female store clerk while she was behind the register. The clerk feared that he had a weapon in his pocket. As she walked to the front of the cash register, defendant pinned her against the counter with his body with her back towards him. She could feel something poking her in the buttocks. Defendant grabbed the left side of her buttocks, moved his hand up her left side, and grabbed her breast. When the clerk turned around, defendant let her go and walked to the back of the store. She remained in the front of the store. Defendant walked toward the clerk and bumped into her, causing her to knock over some items on the display tаble. She believed that she would have been raped if it was not for a nearby restaurant with an open patio to the rear of the store. Defendant was on parole at the time of this offense. He initially denied the incident, later stated he bumped into a woman at a store and should have apologized, and finally said that he just slapped a woman on the butt.
In May 1999, defendant was arrested for sexual battery and convicted of battery. Defendant walked through a grocery store with his hand in his pocket. He deliberately bumped into a female stranger as she walked down the aisle. She believed that she felt his penis through his clothing. She continued to walk through the store. While in the checkout line, defendant walked up to her from behind and intentionally bumped his body into her buttocks. Defendant was on parole at the time.
In October 2000, while on parole, defendant was charged with battery and making criminal threаts. Defendant was drinking with a man at the man‘s residence. The two got into an argument. Defendant punched the man in the face and then fled. The man drove to locate defendant. Once defendant was located, he grabbed the man by the throat. The man fled in fear for his life. The next day, defendant returned to the man‘s house and threatened the man‘s wife by saying, “The first chance I get I‘m going to rape you and fuck the shit out of you.”
Defendant was convicted of sexual battery in 2001, for rubbing his erect penis against a woman on a bus. While standing, he leaned into a woman and pushed his erect penis into her shoulder. She leaned away but he continued to press his penis into her shoulder. After she exited the bus, defendant stood
Defendant incurred 47 serious prisоn rules violations while incarcerated, including six sex offenses, three acts of physical aggression, three threatening acts, two instances of possessing weapons, and 11 instances of verbal aggression. The sexual incidents include asking to masturbate in front of a female intern, exposing his erect penis, and masturbating in front of female staff. Defendant was sent to Coalinga State Hospital in 2008 after a parole violation.
At Coalinga, defendant engaged in instances of indecent exposure, verbal sexual aggression, verbal nonsexual aggression, and property damage. Between April 2009 and June 2011, there were 13 indecent exposures, 11 acts of physical aggression, and 33 threats. Between July 2011 and November 2013, there were 12 exposures, 22 acts of physical aggression, 36 threats, 10 instances of verbal sexual aggression, 46 instances of verbal nonsexual aggression, 39 instances of property dаmage, and 14 instances of contraband possession. From December 2013 through July 2015, there were two exposures documented, one act of physical aggression, three threats, two acts of verbal sexual aggression, four acts of nonsexual verbal aggression, two instances of property damage, and two instances of possession of contraband. There were additional acts of misconduct including frequent sexual comments to female staff, grabbing his clothed penis, and exposing himself to a female medical technician.
Defendant‘s Psychiatric Diagnoses
Dr. William Damon
Dr. Damon, holder of a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, has prepared SVP evaluations in various capacities with the State Department of State Hospitals since 2007. Dr. Damon evaluated defendant in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015. Defendant was interviewed by Dr. Damon in 2008, 2014, and 2015.
Dr. Damon concluded that defendant suffers from frotteuristic disorder in a controlled environment, exhibitionist disorder in a cоntrolled environment, severe alcohol use disorder in a controlled environment, severe cocaine use disorder in sustained remission in a controlled environment, severe phencyclidine use disorder in sustained remission in a controlled environment, mild cannabis use disorder in a controlled environment, and antisocial personality disorder.
Dr. Damon described frotteuristic disorder as including at least six months of intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors involving touching
Exhibitionism involves recurrent sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving еxposing the genitals to a nonconsenting person. Defendant “has a longstanding pattern of exposing his genitals to females,” including while in the community on supervised release and while in the state hospital. Defendant has a “unique presentation.” In Dr. Damon‘s experience there were “maybe two other [men] that have committed some kind of sexual offense at the hospital, but none anywhere near the frequency of [defendant].”
Antisocial personality disorder is “a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 and including at least three of the following: [] Failure to follow lawful behaviors, deceitfulness, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, aggressiveness, disregard for the safety of self or others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse. [¶] And the individual needs to have shown signs of conduct disorder prior to age 15.” Defendant “has numerous charges and convictions that have indicated that he‘s repeatedly failed to perform or follow lawful behaviors. [¶] In terms of deceitfulness he‘s used multiple aliases, birth dates, social security numbers. [] His reports of his sex crimes have differed vastly from the narratives of his victims. [] He admitted selling bogus drugs and forging checks. [¶] He admitted feigning thought disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation for secondary gain in institutional settings. [] And in [Dr. Damon‘s] recent interview of [defendant] he‘s denied sex offending behavior and substance use despite it being indicated in the records. . . .” Defendant continued to engage in antisocial behaviors in the community on supervised release, in prison, and in the state hospital. He admittedly has poor impulse control. He is aggressive, including five sexual offenses that have led to convictions for violent or aggressive behavior. Defendant has fought in prison, including assaulting an officer and assaulting a peer. At the state hospital, he grabbed a nurse by the neck, hit a nurse in the face, and grabbed a nurse and attempted to spit at her. Defendant reports to having remorse about his sex offending behavior but continued to engage in it at the state hospital.
Dr. Damon expressed the opinion that defendant‘s “frotteuristic disorder and exhibitionistic disorder predispose him to commit criminal sexual acts. [] He has continued to offend despite detections, sanctions, despite being on supervised release and despite being in highly structured environments. [] He‘s re-offended shortly after sanction. His desire to engage in sex offending
On the issue of reoffending, Dr. Damon administered two approved actuarial tests. Defendant‘s scores on both tests placed him in the high risk of offending group.
Defendant is not amenable to treatment and has not been attending sex offender groups while in the state hospital, claiming they do not apply to him since he is not a rapist or child molester. Defendant is predatory as all of his victims have been strangers or, in the hospital, casual acquaintances.
Dr. Damon opined that defendant is “likely to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.” Damon came to this conclusion based on six factors: (1) defendant has a “sexual disorder that predisposes him to hands-on offending“; (2) his history of violence (defining violence as “aggressive behavior“) while on supervised release, in prison, and in the state hospital; (3) “he‘s highly sexually prеoccupied“; (4) “he‘s impulsive and has difficultly regulating his behavior“; (5) he has emotional dysregulation and easily feels disrespected, especially by women; and (6) “he continues to use substances which is likely to increase his impulsivity and self-centeredness and decrease his judgment.”
Dr. Damon also believed that defendant “will not necessarily stop with just touching or rubbing a potential victim” given defendant‘s “sexual impulse,” aggression, and behavioral regulation. Dr. Damon believes that defendant‘s frotteurism is escalating, and believes it is possible for defendant to go out and rape someone or force somebody to orally copulate him.
Dr. Nancy Webber
Dr. Nancy Webber is a clinical and forensic psychologist with a Ph.D. in psychology, who has been a contract evaluator for SVP determinations since January 2007. She performed evaluations on defendant in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. She interviewed defendant in 2008, 2011, and 2015.
Dr. Webber diagnosed4 defendant with frotteuristic disorder in a controlled environment, exhibitionist disorder in a controlled environment, bipolar
Defendant is very poor at predicting his own behavior and does not know what triggers his inappropriate behaviors. Defendant does not intend to do these things but has difficulty controlling his behavior. He lacks remorse or rationalizes his actions. He has “cognitive distortions” and has “made statements such as if he does something sexually inappropriate with a women [sic] and she doesn‘t get angry it must mean . . . she doesn‘t object to it.”
Dr. Webbеr evaluated defendant‘s risk of reoffending using several actuarial assessments. He scored high on each of these assessments.
Dr. Webber expressed the opinion that defendant is at risk of engaging in sexually violent predatory behavior because (1) he has a history of engaging in sexually violent behavior; (2) he is sexually preoccupied and “sees the world through sexual lenses“; (3) he reacts in a “rageful manner” when he feels slighted, wronged, or when his sexual advances are rejected; (4) he has poor control over his anger and escalates quickly, acting out verbally, physically, and sexually; (5) he feels entitled to get what he wants when he wants it; (6) he has poor coping skills; and (7) close monitoring in a highly supervised environment with staff trained to de-escalate situations has not “been sufficient to curb his sexual acting out and anger.”
Dr. Hy Malinek
Dr. Hy Malinek, Ph.D., called as a witness by defendant, has been a contract evaluаtor for the State Department of State Hospitals for 19 years. Dr. Malinek originally evaluated defendant in 2008. He concluded at that time that defendant met the criteria for an SVP, but has since changed his opinion.
Dr. Malinek diagnosed defendant with antisocial personality disorder because of his lengthy criminal history, including sexual offenses, robbery, and burglary. “He has certainly shown a commitment to a lifestyle of criminality, instability, substance abuse, anger.” His support for defendant‘s diagnosis of frotteurism is waning because defendant has not exhibited frotteuristic behaviors in 14 years, even though his exhibitionism has continued. Dr. Malinek believes there would be some evidence of defendant‘s frotteurism in the last 14 years if the disorder was still active. Defendant does not care about the
Dr. Malinek views defendant as a “uniquely difficult and challenging case” because of defendant‘s “behaviors, his history, his conduct at the hospital, whether this meets the legal statutory requirement for civil commitment.” At a 2011 SVP probable cause hearing, Dr. Malinek opined that defendant was predisposed to committing sexually violent offenses because defendant was so “decontrolled” that he may not stop with frotteurism. Dr. Malinek later changed his opinion because subsequent research shows the escalation from frotteurism to rape is rare, and defendant “has never recidivated with a qualifying offense since 1979 and he has been intermittently in the community and committed sexual offenses, not SVP.” Dr. Malinek believes that if defendant‘s behaviors were to escalate to rape, “we would have had some evidence of it given that he has been so defiant, discontrolled and so much disregard for the law and he has not.” Dr. Malinek no longer believes that frottеurism is a condition that predisposes defendant to committing sexually violent offenses. There is no inherent link between sex offenses and anger issues. In Dr. Malinek‘s opinion, defendant is not an SVP. If sexual battery were a qualifying offense, Dr. Malinek would not be sure whether or not defendant would qualify as an SVP, because he is unsure whether defendant‘s frotteurism is still active.
Trial Court‘s Ruling
The trial court found defendant to be an SVP. In a 28-page written statement of decision and order, the court found that “while there is little substantial evidence in case at bench that [defendant] will commit such sexually violent offenses as rape or other forcible penetrative sex acts or that he will molest children, there is overwhelming evidence that he will commit physically assaultive sexual offenses. The commission of these has their roots in his frotteurism, anti-social personality disorder and related psychopathology, and various substance abuse disоrders.” The court did not believe the case raised “the issue of the absolute limits of the phrase ‘sexually violent criminal behavior’ and whether that phrase may be extended to include ‘hands off’ acts. . . . [F]rotteuristic acts, which really are a form of assault, and, even in their most benign form would constitute sexual battery, a crime . . . are not ‘nuisance’ crimes. They have very real and long-term consequences for their victims.” Considering defendant‘s “frotteuristic acts in the Santa Monica clothing store and, to a lesser degree, the bus in Los Angeles, and his repeated threats to kill his victims or force them into other sexual acts, even while incarcerated, there can be no reasonable doubt that there is a serious and well-founded risk that he will engage in sexually violent predatory behavior in the future.”
Defendant presents two issues on appeal. First, he contends the trial court erred in interpreting the SVPA. Spеcifically, defendant argues the phrase “sexually violent criminal behavior” is synonymous with “sexually violent offense.” According to defendant, “the requirement that the person be likely to engage in a sexually violent criminal behavior corresponds with the requirement that a person have a qualifying criminal offense insofar as the behavior contemplated is that which is deemed sexually violent under the law.” Because defendant‘s frotteuristic disorder makes him likely to commit sexual battery, an offense not included in the definitions of a “sexually violent offense” within the meaning of the SVPA, defendant asserts he does not qualify for commitment as an SVP.
Second, citing Johnson v. United States (2015) 576 U.S. ___ [192 L.Ed.2d 569, 135 S.Ct. 2551] (Johnson), defendant argues that if the two terms are not synonymous, “sexually violent criminal behavior” is undefined and unconstitutionally vague.
We conclude the opinions of Dr. Damon and Dr. Webber constitute substantial evidence that defendant is likely, at a minimum, to continue to engage in forcible acts of sexual battery as a result of his frotteuristic disorder and other mental disorders. We further conclude that forcible frotteuristic acts of sexual battery, in light of defendant‘s specific record of conduct combined with his diagnosed mental disorders, qualify in this case as “sexually violent criminal behavior.” While there are several forms of sexual battery, including a misdemeanor version that does not require unlawful restraint (
Standard of Review
We conduct a de novo review of questions of statutory interpretation. (People v. Prunty (2015) 62 Cal.4th 59, 70 [192 Cal.Rptr.3d 309, 355 P.3d 480].) The fundamental task of statutory interpretation is to determine the Legislature‘s intent so as to effectuate the law‘s purpose. (Kleffman v. Vonage Holdings Corp. (2010) 49 Cal.4th 334, 340 [110 Cal.Rptr.3d 628, 232 P.3d 625].) “We begin with the statute‘s text, assigning the relevant terms their ordinary meaning, while also taking account of any related provisions and the overall structure of the statutory scheme. (See People v. Cottle (2006) 39 Cal.4th 246, 254 [46 Cal.Rptr.3d 86, 138 P.3d 230].) Essential is whether our interpretation, as well as the consequences flowing therefrom, advances the Legislature‘s intended purpose. (See People v. Zambia [(2011)] 51 Cal.4th [965, 976] [127 Cal.Rptr.3d 662, 254 P.3d 965].)” (People v. Hubbard (2016) 63 Cal.4th 378, 386 [203 Cal.Rptr.3d 114].) ” ‘Ordinarily, where the Legislature uses a different word or phrase in one part of a statute than it does in other sections or in a similar statute concerning a related subject, it must be presumed that the Legislature intended a different meaning. (Committee of Seven Thousand v. Superior Court (1988) 45 Cal.3d 491, 507 [247 Cal.Rptr. 362, 754 P.2d 708].)’ (Campbell v. Zolin (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 489, 497 [39 Cal.Rptr.2d 348].)” (Rashidi v. Moser (2014) 60 Cal.4th 718, 725 [181 Cal.Rptr.3d 59, 339 P.3d 344].)
The Intent and Purpose of the SVPA
The Legislature issued the following statement of intent and purpose in enacting the SVPA: “The Legislature finds and declares that a small but extremely dangerous group of sexually violent predators that have diagnosable mental disorders can be identified while they are incarcerated. These persons are not safe to be at large and if released represent a danger to the health and safety of others in that they are likely to engage in acts of sexual violence. The Legislature further finds and declares that it is in the interest of society to identify these individuals prior to the expiration of their terms of imprisonment. It is the intent of the Legislature that once identified, these individuals, if found to be likely to commit acts of sexually violent criminal behavior beyond a reasonable doubt, be confined and treated until such time that it can be determined that they no longer present a threat to society.
“The Legislature further finds and declares that while these individuals have been duly punished for their criminal acts, they are, if аdjudicated sexually violent predators, a continuing threat to society. The continuing danger posed by these individuals and the continuing basis for their judicial commitment is a currently diagnosed mental disorder which predisposes them to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior. It is the intent of the Legislature that these individuals be committed and treated for their disorders only as long as the disorders persist and not for any punitive purposes.” (Stats. 1995, ch. 763, § 1, p. 5921.)
In its current form the SVPA provides in part: ” ‘Sexually violent predator’ means a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against one or more victims and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.” (
The second and third elements of the SVPA require a link between a finding of future dangerousness and “a currently diagnosed mental disorder characterized by the inability to control dangerous sexual behavior.” (Hubbart v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1138, 1158 [81 Cal.Rptr.2d 492, 969 P.2d 584] (Hubbart).) Commitment as an SVP requires proof that a defendant “is likely to engage in future predatory acts” of sexually violent criminal behavior. (People v. Hurtado (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1179, 1190 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 186, 52 P.3d 116] (Hurtado).) A person is likely to engage in sexually violent criminal behavior if “the person charged as a sexually violent predator poses a substantial danger, that is, a serious and well-founded risk, of committing a sexually violent predatory crime if released from custody.” (People v. Roberge (2003) 29 Cal.4th 979, 988–989 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 861, 62 P.3d 97] (Roberge).)
Defendant‘s 1979 conviction of assault with intent to commit rape satisfies the requirement of a conviction of a sexually violent offense as defined in
Interpretation of “Sexually Violent Criminal Behavior”
We disagree with defendant‘s primary contention that “sexually violent criminal behavior” is the equivalent of “sexually violent offense.” We begin with the plain language of the Legislature, focusing first on its distinct phraseology of the first and third elements under the SVPA as found in the statement of legislative intent and in the statutory language. This differentiation in phrases indicates they are not synonymous.
The Legislature‘s statement of intent and the language of the SVPA distinguish between the predicate requirement of a conviction of a “sexually violent offense” and third requirement of the likelihood of a defendant engaging in “sexually violent criminal behavior.” While a statutorily defined predicate conviction of a sexually violent offense is required, the focus on a defendant‘s likely future conduct is more broadly stated in terms of behavior, specifically avoiding reference to a discrete number of statutоrily defined criminal offenses. Rather than limiting the range of conduct to the offenses defined as violent sexual offenses, the Legislature chose instead to look at predatory behavior, subject to the limitation that the conduct be sexual, violent, and criminal. Persons who are likely to engage in such behavior as a
“The fundamental rule of statutory construction is that a court should ascertain the intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute as a whole. [Citations.] A corollary rule is that every word and phrase employed is presumed to be intended to have meaning and perform a useful function [citation]; a construction rendering some words in the statute useless or redundant is to be avoided. [¶] Where the same word or phrase might have been used in the same connection in different portions of a statute but a different word or phrase having different meaning is used instead, the construction employing that different meaning is to be favored. [Citations.] [¶] Finally, where general words follow a specific enumeration of particular classes of persons or things, the general words will be presumed as applicable to persons or things of the same general nature or class as those enumerated. [Citations.]” (Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Superior Court (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 14, 20-21 [201 Cal.Rptr. 207].)
Defendant‘s interpretation of the statute would deprive the term “criminal behavior” of its independent meaning. Had the Legislature intended to restrict the institutionalization of individuals to those who only pose a risk of committing the selected offenses, it would have done so. As the Legislature chose to use two different terms, we cannot interpret these terms to have the same meaning.
The term “sexually violent criminal behavior” is linkеd to the clause of the SVPA requiring a diagnosed mental disorder. We read the two portions of the statute in context. “[A] finding of ‘likely [to] engage in sexually violent criminal behavior’ is expressly dependent on the existence of a statutorily defined mental disorder: ‘a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.’ [Citation.]” (Cooley, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 248.) An individual‘s mental illness, as defined by the SVPA, affects the individual‘s “volitional capacity that predisposes the person to the commission of criminal sexual acts in a degree constituting the person a menace to the health and safety of others.” (
The SVPA is similar to the Kansas statute before the Supreme Court in Kansas v. Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. 346 (Hendricks). As the Hendricks court observed, commitment under the Kansas act “requires proof of more than a mere predisposition to violence; rather, it requires evidence of past sexually violent behavior and a present mеntal condition that creates a likelihood of such conduct in the future if the person is not incapacitated. As we have recognized, ‘[p]revious instances of violent behavior are an important indicator of future violent tendencies.’ [Citations.]” (Hendricks, supra, at pp. 357-358, italics added.)
Having construed the SVPA, we have no difficulty in upholding the trial court‘s finding that the opinions of Dr. Damon and Dr. Webber, combined with defendant‘s unrelenting history of frotteuristic behavior, make it likely he will engage, at a minimum, in acts of forcible sexual battery. Aggressive frotteurism as exhibited by defendant involves assaulting individuals in a predatory, sexualized manner, without their consent, leading the victims to believe that they are going to be raped. This is undoubtedly sexually violent criminal behavior.6 (See, e.g., People v. Valdez (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1013, 1016 [107 Cal.Rptr.2d 783] [sexual battery is crime of violence for the purposes of the mentally disordered offender statute].) The Legislature views such conduct as sexual in nature, as
The trial record supports a finding that defendant is violent, unable to control his behaviors, and has intense sexual fantasies about touching nonconsenting women. Even while institutionalized defendant exposes himself with some regularity, believing that women are looking at his crotch and want to see his penis. He asks women to perform acts of oral copulation on him as he approaches them in а threatening manner. He is also prone to rages when rejected. The prosecution experts at trial agreed that defendant‘s disorders prevent him from controlling his violent sexual behaviors. His behaviors extended to nonconsensual touching by instilling fear of rape. Over an extended number of years, defendant has exhibited behaviors consistent with aggressive frotteurism, including restraining women to grab their buttocks and genitalia and “humping” them from behind.
Our interpretation of the SVPA and application to this case is consistent with what our Supreme Court has identified as the purpose of the statutory scheme. The SVPA has a “narrow and important purpose-confining and treating mentally disordered individuals who have demonstrated their inability to control specific sexually violent behavior through the commission of similar prior crimes.” (Hubbart, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 1164; accord, People v. McKee (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1172, 1194 [104 Cal.Rptr.3d 427, 223 P.3d 566] [the purpose of the SVPA scheme is ” ‘to establish “civil commitment” proceedings in оrder to provide “treatment” to mentally disordered individuals who cannot control sexually violent criminal behavior’ “].) “[T]he Act targets sexual offenders who suffer from a diagnosed ‘volitional impairment’ making them ‘dangerous beyond their control.’ (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. [at p.] 358.])” (Hubbart, supra, at p. 1157.) “The SVPA also establishes the requisite connection between impaired volitional control and the danger posed to the public.” (Hubbart, supra, at p. 1158.) “[T]he SVPA plainly requires a finding of dangerousness. The statute then ‘links that finding’ to a current diagnosed mental disorder characterized by the inability to control dangerous sexual behavior. (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. [at p.] 358.)” (Ibid.) Defendant‘s mental disorders and conduct satisfy each of the purposes.
Although civil commitment based on frotteurism is not common, courts in other jurisdictions have upheld civil commitments for sex offenders suffering from the disorder. (In re Thompson (Kan.Ct.App., July 22, 2016, No. 114,617) 2016 WL 3961541, p. *2; In re Ritchie (2014) 50 Kan.App.2d 698, 708-709 [334 P.3d 890]; State v. William W. (2013) 103 A.D.3d 521 [962 N.Y.S.2d 43, 44]; In re Hanenberg (N.D. 2010) 2010 ND 8 [777 N.W.2d 62, 66]; In re Detention of Hodges (Iowa 2004) 689 N.W.2d 467, 468-469;
“Sexually Violent Criminal Behavior” Is Not Void for Vagueness
Defendant also contends that the term “sexually violent criminal behavior” is vague on its face, arguing that judges and juries would be free to determine ad hoc what constitutes a sexually violent criminal behavior. We disagree. “California courts have rejected numerous constitutional challenges to the SVPA and have resolved various statutory interpretation questions arising from the statutory scheme. [Citations.]” (Turner v. Superior Court (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1046, 1055 [130 Cal.Rptr.2d 300].)7
“The Fifth Amendment provides that ‘[n]o person shall . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.’ Our cases establish that the Government violates this guarantee by taking away someone‘s life, liberty, or property under a criminal law so vague that it fails to give ordinary people fair notice of the conduct it punishes, or so standardless that it invites arbitrary enforcement. [(Kolender v. Lawson (1983) 461 U.S. 352, 357-358 [75 L.Ed.2d 903, 103 S.Ct. 1855].)] The prohibition of vagueness in criminal statutes ‘is a well-recognized requirement, consonant alike with ordinary notions of fair play and the settled rules of law,’ and a statute that flouts it ‘violates the first essential of due process.’ [(Connally v. General Constr. Co. (1926) 269 U.S. 385, 391 [70 L.Ed. 322, 46 S.Ct. 126].)] These principles apply not only to statutes defining elements of crimes, but also to statutes fixing sentences. [(United States v. Batchelder (1979) 442 U.S. 114, 123 [60 L.Ed.2d 755, 99 S.Ct. 2198].)]” (Johnson, supra, 576 U.S. at p. ___ [135 S.Ct. at pp. 2556-2557].)
Our Supreme Court has recognized “the strong presumption that legislative enactments ‘must be upheld unless their unconstitutionality clearly, positively, and unmistakably appears. [Citations.] A statute . . . cannot
Due process arguments based on vagueness that are essentially indistinguishable from defendant‘s contention have been rejected by several courts in other jurisdictions. (U.S. v. Carta (1st Cir. 2010) 592 F.3d 34, 43 [rejecting due process challenge for vagueness to
Defendant‘s reliance on Johnson, supra, 576 U.S. ___ [135 S.Ct. 346], is misplaced. The Johnson court held that the portion of the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (
We have two final points as to why the reasoning of Johnson has no application to this case. First, “from a legal point of view there is nothing inherently unattainable about a prediction of future criminal conduct.” (Schall v. Martin (1984) 467 U.S. 253, 278 [81 L.Ed.2d 207, 104 S.Ct. 2403].) The Johnson court made clear that the “dozens of federal and state criminal laws use terms like ‘substantial risk,’ ‘grave risk,’ and ‘unreasonable risk,’ ” are “[n]ot at all” subject to “constitutional doubt,” because “we do not doubt the constitutionality of laws that call for the application of a qualitative standard such as ‘substantial risk’ to real-world conduct; ‘the law is full of instances where a man‘s fate depends on his estimating rightly . . . some matter of degree,’ [(Nash v. United States (1913) 229 U.S. 373, 377 [57 L.Ed. 1232, 33 S.Ct. 780].)]” (Johnson, supra, 576 U.S. at p. ___ [135 S.Ct. at p. 2561].) The SVPA‘s requirement of a sexually violent criminal offense, linked to a diagnosed mental disorder, is the type of qualitative standard deemed permissible in Johnson. Second, the Supreme Court in Hendricks rejected a due process challenge to a Kansas civil commitment statute which required proof that “persons who, due to a ‘mental abnormality’ or a ‘personality disorder,’ are likely to engage in ‘predatory acts of sexual violence.’ Kan. Stat. Ann. § 59-29a01 et seq. (1994).” (Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. at pp. 350, 360.) Nothing in Johnson indicates the Supreme Court intended to suggest Hendricks was incorrectly decided or that there is a due process issue in statutes akin to the SVPA.
Contrary to defendant‘s contentions, the term “sexually violent” provides sufficient notice to the public regarding what conduct might trigger a civil commitment. Defendant contends that the trial court‘s definition of “sexually violent” was focused on a hypothetical traumatic risk to a victim, claiming that possessing child pornography could be an act of sexual violence under this definition. This mischaracterizes the trial court‘s findings, which explicitly stated that defendant‘s frotteurism demonstrated that he is likely to
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
Turner, P. J., and Baker, J., concurred.
Appellant‘s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied December 21, 2016, S237517.