274 Cal. App. 2d 232 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1969
After a trial by jury defendant, Fred Weathers, was convicted of grand theft in violation of section 487, subdivision 1, of the Penal Code. Defendant had previously admitted that three priors alleged in the information were true. After his motion for a new trial was denied, defendant was sentenced to state prison. This appeal is from the judgment of conviction.
On December 29, 1966, the victim, Joseph Anekstein, an 82-year-old retired dressmaker, was approached by a man who introduced himself as a seaman in the merchant marine of a foreign country (hereinafter, “the seaman”). The seaman told Anekstein that he was carrying about $20,000 in cash; that he wanted to deposit it in a bank but his captain had told him that if he put the money in he could not later get it out. Anekstein explained that this was not so and agreed to show the seaman his deposit book and withdraw all the money shown as the balance on deposit in order to prove that deposited money would be returned. The seaman told Anekstein that he would give him up to $2,000 for this proof.
At this point, a bystander was stopped by the seaman and the same story related. The bystander (hereinafter, the “driver”) offered to drive Anekstein and the seaman to the bank and advised Anekstein that he should not pass up such a good deal. The trio first stopped at Anekstein’s home where he picked up his passbook. Next they drove to the California Savings Bank where Anekstein went in alone and withdrew $1,000 in the form of a check. When Anekstein returned to
Anekstein returned home and called the police. In the evening, Officer Stevens, assigned to the robbery and bunco detail of the Los Angeles Police Department, came to Anekstein’s home with approximately 180 pictures, 150 of which were bound in books. Officer Stevens spread out 10 or 15 of the loose “mug shots” on the kitchen table for Anekstein’s perusal. Officer Stevens was guided in his' selection of the initial set of pictures by the verbal description that Anekstein had given him. Anekstein identified defendant Weathers (hereinafter, defendant) as the driver and Alex Jennings as the seaman. Officer Stevens was familiar with both men’s prior activities and arrests. He knew where they could be found.
Following this session with Anekstein, Officer Stevens made a general investigation to locate Jennings and about 11 p.m. on December 30, 1966, arrived at a West 83d Street address. After observing no lights on at the address. Officer Stevens parked down the block and waited. In about five minutes Jennings and a female companion drove up and entered the apartment. Officer Stevens recognized Jennings. Officer Stevens waited until both were inside before he got out of his car, walked into the apartment and arrested Jennings. Officer Stevens did not announce himself before entering the front door which was wide open. A search of Jennings’ person and the apartment revealed $121 in cash, a phony bankroll consisting of play money, a United California Bank passbook bearing the name “Alex Jennings” and showing an $800 deposit on December 29, 1966, and also a piece of brown paper bearing the writing “1414 Peagreen Street, Greenville Hotel, Jabbo Brown.” A search of Jennings’ car in which he and his female companion had arrived, and which was parked immediately outside the apartment, revealed a brown paper sack containing folded newspaper. Also found there was a box of Kleenex tissues.
A consolidated information was filed against both Jennings and defendant. At the trial of this matter, after the jury had been impaneled and sworn,' but before any testimony was given, Jennings, out of the presence of the jury, changed his plea to guilty. On their return, the jurors were admonished not to speculate why Jennings was no longer a codefendant.
During the trial, the items found as a result of the searches of both Jennings’ and defendant’s residences were received in evidence. Further, the prosecution read into the record the testimony of a Samuel Poll taken at a preliminary examination held on December 10, 1962, in the case of People v. Fred Weathers. Poll, in substance, had testified that in Alhambra he was approached by a man (identified by Poll to be Weathers, the present defendant, to be referred to in this context as “No. 1”) and was asked where the nearest bank was located. Poll told him. Then “No. 1” asked Poll if Poll could guarantee that the bank would return money deposited therein. At this point, another man (hereinafter, “No. 2”) approached and volunteered to drive Poll and “No. 1” to a bank if Poll would give directions. They entered a car which “No. 2” drove, Poll sitting on the passenger side of the front seat, “No. 1” and a third confederate (hereinafter, “No. 3”) sitting in the back seat. Poll directed them to a bank but the car stopped short of it and Poll, “No. 2” and “No. 1” alighted. “No. 1” asked Poll for some identification so that he would know Poll was honest. Poll took from his wallet his
The testimony was allowed to be read after the trial judge had made a preliminary ruling (1) that the prosecution had used due diligence to secure the presence of Poll, but medical reasons prevented his attendance; (2) that the modus operandi shown in the substance of the transcript had sufficient probative value (inferential proof that defendant committed the present theft) to outweigh its prejudicial effect (inference that defendant was habituated to criminal conduct). The trial judge gave a cautionary instruction to the jurors before the transcript was read that its use by them was limited to the first stated purpose. Counsel for defendant made timely objection.
Defendant’s major contention is that the trial court committed reversible error in allowing into evidence the transcript of Poll’s testimony. We agree and therefore a reversal is required.
The admission of the trancript of Poll’s testimony presents two issues: (1) did the prejudicial effect of its admission outweigh any probative force it may have had? (2) even if the reported testimony did qualify as proper modus operandi evidence, did its admission, read from a transcript, deprive defendant of his constitutionally protected rights of confrontation and due process of law? It is unnecessary to reach this latter question because the testimony contained in the transcript clearly did not qualify as proper evidence of modus operandi.
The general rule in this state is that evidence of uncharged crimes is inadmissible in a criminal prosecution (People v. Kelley, 66 Cal.2d 232, 238-239 [57 Cal.Rptr. 363, 424 P.2d 947 ] ; People v. Haston, 69 Cal.2d 233, 244-245 [70 Cal.Rptr. 419, 444 P.2d 91]) unless is has sufficient relevance to a material fact in issue in the current prosecution. (People v. Peete, 28 Cal.2d 306, 314-315 [169 P.2d 924]; People v. Riser, 47 Cal.2d 566, 578 [305 P.2d 1].)
California’s definition of “relevance” is embodied in section 210 of the Evidence Code: “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence . . . having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action. ” It is apparent that there is some relevance in the proof of prior or subsequent criminal acts of a nature comparable to the charged offense. But facts
In the instant case the single issue of fact, upon which both the prosecution and defense focused, was whether defendant was the accomplice of Jennings. Thus, the relevance of Poll’s testimony hinged on whether it helped establish the identity of defendant as the accomplice.
To be helpful in establishing identity, the methods used in both crimes must be so similar that it is logical to conclude that the crimes were committed by the same person. This similarity must be shown in terms of unique and distinctive features or techniques
In the instant ease many dissimilarities in the commission of the two offenses negate the existence of sufficient distinctive or common features. Principal among these are: (1) if defendant were both times a participant, in each he played a different role; (2) the scheme was accomplished by two men in the instant case and three men in the prior matter; (3) while -in both cases the initial story told to the victim was similar, the victim in the instant ease was fleeced of his money after he had gone to the bank to make a withdrawal,
Further, those common features which appear to be distinctive (e.g., the initial story told to the victim, the approach of the-“driver” and his encouragement of the victim, etc.) lose this quality when it is considered that all who commit this type of scheme usually follow approximately the same script and use similar props.
The error in the admission of the modus operands evidence resulted in prejudice particularly since defendant presented alibi evidence in the form of the testimony of Jennings to the effect that defendant was not his driver accomplice but another, one Henry Jones, was, and of the testimony of a friend to the effect that defendant was with him elsewhere at the time the episode with Anekstein was alleged to have taken place. (See People v. Pell, supra, 258 Cal.App.2d 379, 384; People v. Briggs, 58 Cal.2d 385, 407 [24 Cal.Rptr. 417, 374 P.2d 257].) Thus, it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to defendant would have been reached had Poll’s testimony not been admitted.
Since the judgment must be reversed, we briefly consider three problems which may arise on retrial.
2. Was the entrance by Officer Stevens into defendant’s apartment made in violation of Penal Code section 844? No. Officer Stevens had reasonable cause to believe defendant was inside and that he had committed a felony. Officer Stevens further fully complied with section 844 before he forced entry. (People v. Harris, 231 Cal.App.2d 214, 217 [41 Cal.Rptr. 642].)
3. Did Officer Stevens’ method of presentation of mug shots to Anekstein constitute an unfair lineup procedure, violative of defendant’s right to due process of law? No. Clearly the problems contemplated in United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 [18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 87 S.Ct. 1926] and Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 [18 L.Ed.2d 1178, 87 S.Ct. 1951] are not present here as no one was in custody when the identification was made. Further, there was no evidence of any unfairness in Officer Stevens ’ presentation.
The judgment is reversed.
Kaus, P. J., and Stephens, J., concurred.
Comment, “A Proposed Analytical Method for the Determination of the Admissibility of Evidence of Other Offenses in California,” 7 U.C.L.A. L.Rev. 463, 474-475.
2 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940) § 411, pp. 385-386.
In the words of the deputy district attornéy at trial: " This isn’t just another theft; this is a rather specialized type of theft,”
In Bradley a hearing before our State Supreme Court has been granted and oral argument has taken place.