233 P. 359 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1924
Defendant was charged with having under his control and in his possession a firearm capable of being concealed upon his person, he being then and there a foreign-born person and not a citizen of the United States. He was found guilty as charged.
The only question involved in this appeal is whether there was any legal evidence produced at the trial tending to prove that the defendant, at the time of the conviction of the offense charged, was an unnaturalized, foreign-born person. In support of the allegation of the information, charging that defendant was a foreign-born person and not a naturalized citizen of the United States, the prosecution called a police officer of the city of Riverside, and over the objection of the defendant asked this officer regarding certain statements made by said defendant, shortly after his arrest. The officer testified that the defendant, at the time in question, stated to him and two other police officers that he was born in Mexico and had been in the United States six years. It *364 was further stipulated, without waiving any objection to the admission of this evidence, that the two other officers, if called, would testify in the same manner. The defendant took the stand in his own behalf and testified that his parents died in the state of Durango, Mexico, when he was only six years old; that neither his parents, nor any other person, ever told him where he was born; that his parents were Mexicans and lived in Mexico up to the time of their death; that he had no recollection of having ever lived in any other place, except in Mexico, before the death of his parents; that after the death of his parents he lived with his godfather in various places in Mexico, until about six years ago, when he came to this country; that he does not speak English and only understands a few English words; that he is twenty-one years of age and works picking oranges and in packing houses.
[1] The first point made by appellant is that the court erred in overruling his objection to the question asked the police officer relative to the statements made by the appellant that he was born in Mexico. Appellant contends that the testimony of a person as to the place of his birth is hearsay and therefore not only would his evidence be inadmissible, but that his extrajudicial statements would also be inadmissible and incompetent to prove the place of birth. It is conceded that this question has never been directly decided by the appellate courts of this state. It has been repeatedly held, however, that a person can testify as to his own age. "A person's age may be proved by his own testimony, and the fact that knowledge of that age is derived from statements of the parents, or from family reputation, does not render it inadmissible." (People v.Ratz,
There are a number of early decisions, rendered both by the courts of England and by those of our own country, holding that a pauper cannot testify to the place of his birth. (Chamberlayn's Law of Evidence, sec. 4066.) These decisions were rendered in actions brought to determine the liability of the town, in which it was charged that the pauper was born, for the support of the pauper. There appears to be some diversity of opinion as to the grounds upon which such decisions are based. We do not find, however, that the rule excluding such testimony has been extended beyond those cases in which the support of the pauper himself has been involved. We see no good reason for extending it to include actions such as the one under consideration. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the statements of the defendant, as to the place of his birth, were competent evidence, and that the court committed no error in admitting in evidence such statements.
[2] Appellant further contends that, even with this testimony admitted, the corpus delicti has not been proven. This contention is based upon the well-established principle of law that the extrajudicial admissions or confessions of the defendant are inadmissible to prove the corpus delicti. Conceding, as contended by the appellant, that the citizenship of appellant is a part of the corpus delicti, and therefore cannot be proven by his extrajudicial statements, it will be remembered that the appellant in this action took the stand in his own behalf and gave testimony that his parents were Mexicans and lived in Mexico up to the time of their *366
death, which occurred when he was only six years of age, and that from his earliest recollection he lived in Mexico until about six years ago, when he came to this country, and that he now understands and speaks but little English. This evidence was sufficient to justify the jury in finding that the defendant was born in Mexico. (Walther v. Rabolt,
[3] Finally, the appellant contends that, even if it be conceded that there is proof of his foreign birth, there is no evidence tending to show that he had not been naturalized. Appellant argues that not only is the burden upon the prosecution of proving all the allegations of the information but that the presumption is that every person is a citizen of the country in which he resides. We have already shown that the evidence was sufficient to prove that the defendant was an alien by birth. The presumption is that this status continues until the contrary is shown. (Bode v. Trimmer,
[4] In this connection the attorney-general has suggested that the allegation of the information, relative to the defendant not being a naturalized citizen of the United States, is an allegation of a negative fact which is peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant, and therefore that it comes within the rule that the burden of proving such an allegation is cast upon the defendant. While no authorities are cited in support of this argument, we are nevertheless of the opinion that it is both reasonable and sound. [5] Naturalization of an alien as a citizen of the United States is a judicial act. It can only be proven by the record itself, or a duly authenticated copy thereof. It cannot be proven by parol. (Bode v. Trimmer,supra.) On the other hand, to prove that a person had not been naturalized would require *367
evidence to the effect that no court of this country, having jurisdiction of naturalization proceedings, had ever granted naturalization to defendant. [6] The rule is well settled in this state that, where the subject matter of a negative averment lies peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant, the burden of proving the fact rests with the defendant. (8 Cal. Jur., sec. 148.) This is an exception to the general rule that the burden of proof rests upon the prosecution, and the reason given for such exception is that it would greatly inconvenience the prosecution to prove such fact, whereas the defendant can prove it with no inconvenience at all. (8 Cal. Jur., sec. 148.) This rule is applied in the main to prosecutions of persons charged with the violation of statutes making it illegal to engage in certain business or to follow certain professions without first obtaining a license so to do. In most, if not in all, of the cases of which we have any knowledge, the statute designates the particular board or officer from which such a license is to be obtained. The inconvenience in such a case of procuring evidence that the accused had no such license as required by the statute can hardly be compared with that cast upon the prosecution in an action like the present, if required to prove that the defendant had not been naturalized. In the former class of cases, it would only be necessary to examine the records of one board, or the books of one officer, to ascertain whether the required license had been issued or not, and to have as a witness one person from the office of such a board, or officer, to prove the fact that no license had been issued to the accused. In an action like that before us, owing to the fact that the defendant might have been naturalized in any one of a large number of courts, it would be necessary to have as witnesses at the trial representatives or officers from all of said courts, and possibly the records themselves to show, if such were the fact, that the defendant had never been naturalized in any of said courts. Such a requirement would cast upon the prosecution an interminable amount of labor and the greatest of inconvenience. On the other hand, to require the defendant to show that he was naturalized, casts no unreasonable burden upon him. If he has had conferred upon him, by any court of competent jurisdiction, the privilege of citizenship, he either has his naturalization papers, or, if they have been lost, properly authenticated copies thereof might be procured with little trouble or expense from the *368
court which granted the original. We are, therefore, of the opinion that this exception to the general rule, relative to the burden of proof, should apply to actions like the present, and that it was not obligatory on the part of the prosecution to prove that the defendant had not been naturalized. His naturalization, if such were the fact, was peculiarly within his own knowledge and could have been proven by him with but little inconvenience. The prosecution having proven by competent evidence the foreign birth of the defendant, the allegation of the information that he had never been naturalized must be taken as true in the absence of proof to the contrary. (People v.Wah Hing,
The judgment and order denying a new trial are affirmed.
Conrey, P.J., and Houser, J., concurred.
