PEOPLE v THOMAS MILLER
Docket No. 108997
Court of Appeals of Michigan
March 5, 1990
182 Mich App 482
Submitted October 3, 1989, at Marquette. Decided March 5, 1990.
The Court of Appeals held:
1. To determine whether two convictions for deliveries of narcotics violates the prohibition against double jeopardy, the court should consider whether the deliveries were separately bargained for, set up and paid for. Under the circumstances, the convictions amounted to a double jeopardy violation.
2. A defendant, sentenced for conviction of delivery of a controlled substance after the effective date of 1987 PA 275, the amending legislation adjusting punishment for controlled substance offenses, should be sentenced in accordance with 1987 PA 275.
3. A cautionary jury instruction concerning the prosecution‘s burden of disproving all reasonable theories of innocence when the prosecution‘s case depends entirely upon circumstantial evidence is necessary only when the circumstantial evidence against the defendant is weak. Such was not the case, and the court properly refused to give the instruction.
4. Defendant‘s other allegations were either without merit or not preserved for appeal.
Defendant‘s conviction of delivery of less than 50 grams
REFERENCES
Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 267, 279, 590; Trial § 844.
Modern status of rule regarding necessity of instruction on circumstantial evidence in criminal case—state cases. 36 ALR4th 1046.
GILLIS, P.J., concurred in part and dissented in part. He concurred in the vacation of defendant‘s conviction of delivery of less than 50 grams, but felt that defendant was not entitled to resentencing under the more lenient provisions enacted after commission of the delivery. He would affirm defendant‘s conviction of delivery of 50 to 225 grams.
1. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES — DOUBLE JEOPARDY — DELIVERY OF NARCOTICS.
To determine whether two convictions for deliveries of narcotics violates the prohibition against double jeopardy, the court should consider whether the deliveries were separately bargained for, set up and paid for.
2. STATUTES — RETROACTIVITY.
Statutes which can be interpreted as remedial or procedural in nature can be construed to operate retrospectively unless a contrary intent is manifested.
3. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES — SENTENCING — STATUTES — RETROACTIVITY.
A defendant sentenced after the effective date of 1987 PA 275, the amending legislation adjusting punishment for controlled substance offenses, for conviction of delivery of a controlled substance prior to that date should be sentenced in accordance with 1987 PA 275.
4. CRIMINAL LAW — JURY INSTRUCTIONS — CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.
A cautionary jury instruction concerning the prosecution‘s burden of disproving all reasonable theories of innocence when the prosecution‘s case depends entirely upon circumstantial evidence is necessary only when the circumstantial evidence against the defendant is weak (CJI 4:2:02[6], [7]).
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Gary L. Walker, Prosecuting Attorney, and David A. Payant, Scott K. Hanson and Matthew J. Wiese, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for the people.
Mark Peter Stevens, for defendant.
CAVANAGH, J. On March 15, 1988, following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of delivery of less than 50 grams of cocaine,
Defendant claims that his right to be free from double jeopardy was violated when he was convicted and sentenced on both charges. Defendant argues that the police divided a single agreed-upon sale into two separate criminal transactions and the prosecution should not be allowed to charge for the sample drug sale and then charge him with another offense for the main drug sale that occurred later that same day. We agree and, therefore, reverse his conviction for delivery of less than fifty grams of cocaine.
In People v Manning, 163 Mich App 641, 643-644; 415 NW2d 1 (1987), a panel of this Court, in addressing a double jeopardy issue, looked to whether the deliveries were separately bargained for, whether each delivery was separately paid for, and whether the second delivery was set at the time of the first delivery. Here, the facts show one agreed-upon transaction divided into two deliveries for the convenience of the police. We are convinced that, had the facts in this case been before
Defendant further contends that he is entitled to be sentenced pursuant to 1987 PA 275, which became effective after the crimes were committed but before defendant was sentenced. We agree.
A fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that, in interpreting a legislative enactment, we give effect to legislative intent. Joy Management Co v Detroit, 176 Mich App 722, 730; 440 NW2d 654 (1989), lv den 433 Mich 860 (1989). Statutes which can be interpreted as remedial or procedural in nature can be construed to operate retrospectively unless a contrary intent is manifested. Trinova Corp v Dep‘t of Treasury, 166 Mich App 656, 666; 421 NW2d 258 (1988).
We view 1987 PA 275 as amending legislation designed to adjust the punishment for controlled substance offenses more proportionately to the crime and the criminal and as a tacit admission that such was previously not the case. See People v Schultz, 172 Mich App 674, 687; 432 NW2d 742 (1988), lv gtd 432 Mich 891 (1989). The amendment is remedial in nature as one “designed to correct an existing law,” Spencer v Clark Twp, 142 Mich App 63, 68; 368 NW2d 897 (1985), citing Rookledge v Garwood, 340 Mich 444, 453; 65 NW2d 785 (1954), and therefore can be applied retrospectively. Act 275 contains no language to the contrary, such as a specific “savings clause.”
We conclude that established rules regarding remedial legislation allow defendant to be sentenced in accordance with the mitigated penalties in force at the time of his sentencing. To hold otherwise, that the legislatively disapproved penalty should apply, serves no purpose other than a
Defendant relies on People v Tyson, 423 Mich 357; 377 NW2d 738 (1985), to claim that misconduct requiring reversal occurred when the prosecutor was allowed to argue that his expert was an unbiased agent of the state, thereby suggesting that defendant‘s experts were biased. Specifically, the prosecutor stated that his expert witness “works for the State of Michigan and he is paid a salary, which is not dependent at all on what his opinions are in any particular case.” We disagree.
The Tyson opinion reaffirmed the long-standing rule that a highly prejudicial attack of a defendant‘s expert witness without support on the record would require reversal. Tyson, supra, pp 374-376, relying on People v Williams, 218 Mich 697; 188 NW 413 (1922), and People v Cowles, 246 Mich 429; 224 NW 387 (1929). However, the Tyson Court was examining argument that was filled with innuendos, insults and ridicule. Tyson, 375. No such language is present here and we agree with the trial court that Tyson is factually distinguishable.
We also reject defendant‘s next claim that he is entitled to a remand for a new competency evaluation and examination because the forensic examiner did not consult with defense counsel as required by
As to defendant‘s contention that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of similar acts under MRE 404(b), we again disagree.
Defendant is also convinced that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed photocopies of the controlled buy money to be introduced rather than the money itself. Under the circumstances presented in this case, we cannot say that there was no justification for the ruling made. See, e.g., Wilson v State, 568 P2d 1315, 1317-1318 (Okla Crim App, 1977).
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred when it declined to instruct the jury as requested on CJI 4:2:02(6) and (7). The use of the Criminal Jury Instructions is not mandatory. If used, paragraph six is considered optional and the cautionary language of paragraph seven is only applicable when the circumstantial evidence against a defendant is weak. People v DeWitt, 173 Mich App 261, 270; 433 NW2d 325 (1988). Such is not the case with the evidence here.
In defendant‘s next argument, he insists that the 180-day rule was violated. Although defendant was not brought to trial within this period, we agree with the trial court that most of the delay can be attributed to the defendant. See People v Crawford, 161 Mich App 77, 83; 409 NW2d 729 (1987).
Defendant contends in his final argument that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his request to call the prosecution‘s expert witness in his defense. We disagree. Defendant was allowed the opportunity to cross-examine the witness and was provided the opportunity for surrebuttal. We find no error.
Defendant‘s conviction for delivery of less than
SULLIVAN J., concurred.
GILLIS, P.J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part). Although I agree with the majority‘s resolution of the remaining issues, I do not agree that defendant was entitled to be sentenced pursuant to 1987 PA 275 for the reasons stated in People v Jackson, 179 Mich App 344, 350-351; 445 NW2d 513 (1989), lv pending. See also People v Poole, 7 Mich App 237; 151 NW2d 365 (1967), lv gtd 379 Mich 790 (1967), stipulation to dismiss filed January 5, 1968. To the extent that People v Sandlin, 179 Mich App 540; 446 NW2d 301 (1989), held in abeyance pending our Supreme Court‘s decision in People v Schultz, 172 Mich App 674; 432 NW2d 742 (1988), lv gtd 432 Mich 891 (1989), is inconsistent with this opinion, I now believe that Jackson represents the correct view and have so indicated in People v Marji, 180 Mich App 525; 447 NW2d 835 (1989), and People v Becoats, 181 Mich App 722; 449 NW2d 687 (1989). Hence, I would vacate defendant‘s conviction and sentence for delivery of less than 50 grams of cocaine, but would affirm defendant‘s conviction and sentence for delivery of 50 or more, but less than 225 grams of cocaine.