267 N.W.2d 466 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1978
PEOPLE
v.
TERRY ALEXANDER
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Gerald D. Warner, Prosecuting Attorney, and Stephen C. Corwin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Marietti, Mullally & Grimm, for defendant.
Before: BRONSON, P.J., and R.B. BURNS and R.E.A. BOYLE,[*] JJ.
BRONSON, P.J.
Defendant was charged with second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCLA 750.520c; MSA 28.788(3), and assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration, MCLA 750.520(g)(1); MSA 28.788(7)(1). He was found guilty of both counts by a jury and appeals of right.
Defendant contends that his conviction of both second-degree criminal sexual conduct and assault with intent violates the constitutional proscription of double punishment for the same offense.[1]
The Supreme Court has addressed the constitutional protection against double punishment in two recent cases. In People v Martin, 398 Mich. 303, 307; 247 NW2d 303 (1976), the Court held that convictions for both possession and delivery of heroin constituted double punishment because:
"Possession of the heroin present in this case was that necessary to its delivery.
"On the evidence adduced at this trial, there is no doubt that unlawful possession was a lesser included offense of delivery.
"When the jury found defendant guilty of unlawful *624 delivery of this heroin on the evidence in this record they necessarily found him in possession of it."[2]
Martin was followed in People v Stewart, 400 Mich. 540, 548-549; 256 NW2d 31 (1977), which involved separate convictions for sale and possession of heroin. The Court held that:
"However, depending upon the facts developed at trial, when the circumstance of possession is not severable or apart from a sale and the jury concludes the defendant is guilty of sale, then the possession blends together with the sale so as to constitute one single wrongful act.
"Therefore, from the evidence adduced at this trial, the illegal possession of heroin was obviously a lesser included offense of the illegal sale of heroin. When the jury in the case at bar found the defendant guilty of the illegal sale of this heroin, they necessarily found him guilty of possession of the same heroin.
* * *
"Defendant Stewart may not be `doubly punished' by convicting him of possession, which in this case was a `necessary' prerequisite or the sine qua non for the very sale for which he was also convicted."
The test which emerges from Martin and Stewart is fairly easy to state: a defendant may not be convicted of two crimes where, on the facts of the particular case, the trier of fact must necessarily find him guilty of one in order to find him guilty of the other. This test does not rest solely on the distinction between necessarily and cognate lesser included offenses,[3] but requires an analysis of the facts of each case.[4]
*625 In the case at bar, defendant was convicted of both second-degree criminal sexual conduct and assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration. The assault with intent offense requires proof of an element not found in second-degree criminal sexual conduct: the specific intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration. Second-degree criminal sexual conduct requires proof of an element not required for assault with intent, namely, "sexual contact". On the facts of this case, the jury did not necessarily find defendant guilty of one crime in finding him guilty of the other. See People v Stewart, supra. It is important to distinguish what the jury could find from the evidence presented and what the jury necessarily found. In the instant case, the jury could have found defendant guilty of second-degree criminal sexual conduct but also have found that any force used was not with the intent to commit criminal sexual *626 conduct involving sexual penetration. Similarly, the jury could have found defendant guilty of the assault with intent offense but also have found that no "sexual contact" occurred. Therefore, separate convictions are not prohibited.[5]
Although defendant's convictions do not constitute double punishment, we must reverse for the prosecutor's failure to give notice of a witness called as a rebuttal alibi witness.
MCLA 768.20(2); MSA 28.1043(2) requires the prosecution to give notice of all proposed alibi rebuttal witnesses:
"Within 10 days after the receipt of the defendant's notice but not later than 5 days before the trial of the case, or at such other time as the court may direct, the prosecuting attorney shall file and serve upon the defendant a notice of rebuttal which shall contain, as particularly as is known to the prosecuting attorney, the names of the witnesses whom the prosecuting attorney proposes to call in rebuttal to controvert the defendant's defense at the trial of the case."
In the case at bar, the prosecution called a rebuttal witness who was permitted to testify over defense counsel's objection that he had not received the statutory notice. The witness was listed in defendant's notice of alibi, although he was not called by the defense. The prosecutor filed no notice of rebuttal.
The prosecutor argues that he should not be required to give notice of an alibi rebuttal witness the defense has listed on its notice of alibi.
*627 The purpose of alibi and rebuttal of alibi notice is to prevent surprise at trial. See Williams v Florida, 399 U.S. 78; 90 S. Ct. 1893; 26 L. Ed. 2d 446 (1970). See, also, People v Merritt, 396 Mich. 67; 238 NW2d 31 (1976). This purpose can be attained only if both sides give the statutorily required notice. While a defendant arguably should know how a witness whom he has listed on a notice of alibi will testify, a defendant should also be entitled to know whether the prosecution will rely on that witness in rebuttal. We decline to find an exception to the statutory requirement that the prosecution give notice of rebuttal alibi witnesses where the witness in question is listed in the defendant's notice of alibi.[6]
MCLA 768.21(2); MSA 28.1044(2) provides:
"If the prosecuting attorney fails to file and serve a notice of rebuttal upon the defendant as provided in section 20 or 20a, the court shall exclude evidence offered by the prosecution in rebuttal to the defendant's evidence relevant to a defense specified in section 20 or 20a. If the notice given by the prosecuting attorney does not state, as particularly as is known to the prosecuting attorney, the name of a witness to be called in rebuttal of the defense of alibi or insanity, the court shall exclude the testimony of a witness which is offered by the prosecuting attorney for the purpose of rebutting that defense."
This language is mandatory, unlike the prior statute. See People v Merritt, supra, at 74, fn 1. We *628 cannot say, on the facts of this case, that the error in allowing the unlisted witness to testify was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Reversed.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] See US Const, Am V, Const 1963, art 1, § 15.
[2] The Court also held that the second conviction must be vacated even though sentences for the two convictions were to run concurrently.
[3] In People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379, 387; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), the Supreme Court described necessarily included offenses, which are "such that it is impossible to commit the greater without first having committed the lesser", and cognate offenses, which "share several elements, and are of the same class or category, but may contain some elements not found in the higher offense".
[4] But cf. People v Risher, 78 Mich. App. 431; 260 NW2d 121 (1977), refusing to hold that conviction of cognate offenses is barred by double jeopardy. In Brown v Ohio, 432 U.S. 161; 97 S. Ct. 2221; 53 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1977), the United States Supreme Court stated that the test of whether multiple punishment has been imposed is whether each offense requires proof of a fact not required by the other offense. See, also, People v Guidry, 67 Mich. App. 653; 242 NW2d 461 (1976). Although this test is seemingly different from the Martin/Stewart test, the two tests can be reconciled. In Brown and Guidry, the courts were confronted with conviction of a necessarily included offense; they did not consider the effect of a conviction for an offense which was not technically necessarily included apart from the facts of a particular case. The latter issue, which was addressed in Martin and Stewart, therefore was not decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. In other words, Stewart and Martin are consistent with Brown as to necessarily included offenses, but state an additional test for circumstances not present in Brown, i.e., where two offenses are factually included. As we are not here presented with conviction of a necessarily included offense, we apply the Martin/Stewart test.
[5] We are not confronted here with the problem of whether the Legislature meant to provide for separate offenses for a single sexual penetration by subdividing sections defining criminal sexual conduct. See, e.g., People v Nelson, 79 Mich. App. 303; 261 NW2d 299 (1977), People v Willie Johnson, 75 Mich. App. 221; 255 NW2d 207 (1977), lv granted, 402 Mich. 826 (1977).
[6] Contrary to the prosecutor's argument, he is not prevented from listing a witness in a notice of rebuttal because defendant has listed the witness in a notice of alibi.
We also reject the prosecutor's argument that the prosecutor cannot "propose to call" a witness whom the defense proposes to call. If the prosecutor intends to rely on a witness in rebuttal, it is logical to assume that the defense will not call that witness. Given the purpose of the alibi notice statute, the fullest possible disclosure of potential rebuttal witnesses is to be encouraged.