A jury convicted defendant and appellant, Thomas Raymillier Tennard, Jr., of a nonstrike felony: inflicting corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition upon his cohabitant girlfriend, M.L. ( Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a).)
Pursuant to the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012 (Prop. 36, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012)), defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison for his domestic violence conviction, even though it was neither a serious nor a violent felony. (§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(A).) Because his prior forcible rape conviction was a "super strike," defendant was disqualified from being sentenced to a lesser term of "twice the term otherwise provided" for a domestic violence convictiоn. (§ 667, subd. (e)(1),
In this appeal, defendant claims the court had no authority to impose the 25-year-to-life term. He argues the prosecution erroneously failed to specifically "plead and prove" that his prior forcible rape conviction was a super strike which disqualified him оr rendered him ineligible to be sentenced as a second strike offender to twice the term otherwise provided for his current felony conviction pursuant to section 667, subdivision (e)(1). (§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C).) For a felony domestic violence conviction which is not a strike, the "term otherwise provided as punishment" (§ 667, subd. (e)(1)) is two, three, or four years ( § 273.5, subd. (a) ). Thus, defendant argues, the court was only authorized to sentence him to a maximum of eight years (four years, doubled) on his current conviction. (§§ 667, subd. (e)(1), 273.5, subd. (a).) In addition to his statutory claim, defendant claims he was deprived of his due process right to notice that the prosecution would seek an indeterminate term on his current conviction.
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
On January 16, 2015, defendant was living in an apartment with his girlfriend, M.L. That evening defendant punched M.L. in her face with closed fists and slammed her head backward against a wall. He dragged M.L. into the bathroom and forced her to take a shower to wash the blood out of her hair.
M.L. called 911 after defendant left the bathroom. During thе 911 call, M.L. begged for help, said she was "bleeding all over the place" and defendant was forcing her to shower because he did not want anyone "to see blood." In the background of the 911 call defendant was heard yelling to M.L. to "take a shower" and "[g]et in the shower." When responding deputies arrived at the apartment, defendant was standing outside. He said,
Inside the apartment, M.L. was found "shaking and trembling" and described how defendant had just beaten her and slammed her head against a wall. M.L. had a bleeding gash on the back of her head, bruising and swelling around her eyes and face, abrasions and swelling on her lips, and a fractured and bloody nose. Her left eye socket was also fractured, her pants wеre covered with fresh blood, and there was blood on the floor. Defendant was arrested, and M.L. was transported to a hospital.
B. Procedural History
Defendant was charged in an information with felony domestic violence ( § 273.5, subd. (a).) The information alleged defendant had four prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) based on four prior convictions: a 1985 robbery conviction (§ 211), a 1991 forcible rape conviction (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)), a 1997 conviction for failing to register as a sex offender (§ 290, subd. (g)(2)), and a 2003 theft conviction (§ 666). The information included a single "special allegation" that the robbery and forcible rape convictions were "serious and violent" felonies. Under the "special allegation" heading, the information referenced "sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(2)(A), and 1170.12, subdivision (c), subsection (2)(a)" but did not reference section 667, subdivision (e)(1)(C). The information also did not specifically allege that defendant's prior forcible rape conviction disqualified him or rendered him ineligible for sentencing under section 667, subdivision (e)(1), or that the prosecution intended to seek an indeterminate 25-year-to-life term for defendant's current, nonstrike offense.
After the jury convicted defendant of the felony domestic violence charge, the court found the fоur prison prior and two strike prior allegations true. At sentencing, the court denied defendant's Romero
A. Statutory Background
Under the former "Three Strikes" law, as enacted in 1994 (§ 667, subds. (b)-(i)), a defendant convicted of any felony who had two or more prior serious or violent felony convictions, or prior strikes, was required to be sentenced to a "third strike sentence" of a minimum of 25 years to life-even if the defendant's current felony was neither serious nor violеnt. (Former §§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(2)(A), 1170.12, subds. (b), (c)(2)(A); People v. Johnson (2015)
Thus, when a defendant has two prior strikes and his current felony is not a strike, the defendant is to be sentenced pursuant to section 667, subdivision (e)(1)-that is, as if the defendant had only one prior strike -to twice the term otherwise provided for the current felony, unless one of the exceptions or disqualifying factors described in subdivision (e)(2)(C) applies. ( Johnson , supra ,
As noted, for nonstrike felony domestic violence, the "term otherwise provided as punishment," within the meaning of section 667, subdivision (e)(1), is two, three, or four years. ( § 273.5, subd. (a).) Thus, if no exception or
Section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(A) provides: "Except as provided in subparagraph (C) , if a defendant has two or more prior serious and/or violent felony convictions as defined in subdivision (d) that have been pled and proved, the term for the current felony conviction shall be an indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of the indeterminate sentence calculated as the greatest of: [¶] (i) Three times the term otherwise provided as punishment for each current felony conviction subsequent to the two or more prior serious and/or violent felony convictions. [¶] (ii) Imprisonment in the state prison for 25 years. [¶] (iii) The term determined by the court pursuant to Section 1170 for the underlying conviction, including any enhancement. ..." (Italics added; see also § 667, subd. (e)(2)(B) [consecutive sentencing].) The greatest of these three minimum terms is 25 years. (§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(A)(ii).)
Section 667, subdivisiоn (e)(2)(C) provides: "If a defendant has two or more prior serious and/or violent felony convictions ... that have been pled and proved, and the current offense is not a serious or violent felony as defined in subdivision (d), the defendant shall be sentenced pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (e) unless the prosecution pleads and proves any of the following[.]" Subdivision (e)(2)(C) then lists, in subparagraphs (i) through (iv), the exceptions or disqualifying factors which render a defendant ineligible to be sentenced as a second strike offender pursuant to subdivision (e)(1). Each of these disqualifying factors relate either to the defendant's current offense (§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(i)-(iii)) or to the defendant's prior "super strikes," if any (id ., subd. (e)(2)(C)(iv); Johnson , supra , 61 Cal.4th at pp. 681-682 & fns. 2-3,
Johnson summarized the exceptions that relate to the defendant's current offense: "If the current offense involves controllеd substances and specified findings are made concerning the quantity of controlled substances involved, or if the current offense is among specified sex offenses, a defendant with two or more strikes must be sentenced to a term of at least 25 years to life. (§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(i)-(ii), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(i)-(ii).) A third strike sentence is also required if, '[d]uring the commission of the current offense, the defendant used a firearm, was armed with a firearm or dеadly weapon, or intended to cause great bodily injury to another person.' (§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii).)" (
The disqualifying prior strike convictions listed in Penal Code section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C)(iv) are sometimes referred to as " 'super strikes.' " ( Johnson , supra ,
B. Defendant's Pleading Specificity and Due Process Claims Lack Merit
Defendant claims his 25-year-to-life sentence for his current conviction, which was imposed pursuant to Penal Code section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(A), is an unauthorized sentence. He claims the prosecution was required to specifically plead, in the information, that his forcible rape conviction was a super strike, a disqualifying factor and an exception which rendered him ineligible to be sentenced as a second strike offender to twice the term otherwise provided for his current conviction. ( Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (e)(1), (e)(2)(C).) He argues the information was insufficiently specific because it did not reference Penal Code section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C) or expressly allege that his prior forcible rape conviction was a sexually violent offense and a disqualifying factor within the meaning of Penal Code section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C)(iv)(I) and Welfare and Institutions Code section 6600, subdivision (b).
Defendant's argument requires us to interpret the second pleading and proof requirement of section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C). " 'In construing a statute, our first task is to look to the language of the statute itself.' " ( People v. Mancebo (2002)
The language of section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C) is clear and unambiguous and governs our interpretation of the statute. Subdivision (e)(2)(C) has two pleading and proof requirements. The first requires the prosecution to plead and prove that the defendant has two or more prior strikes. This is plainly necessary because subdivision (e)(2)(C) applies only if the defendant has two or more prior strikes and the current offense is not a strike. ( § 667, subd. (e)(2)(C).) The second pleading and proof requirement requires the prosecution to plead and prove that "any" of the exceptions to second strike sentencing eligibility listed in subdivision (e)(2)(C)(i) through (iv) apply. The question defendant raises requires us to determine the level of specificity that is required to plead that an
The plain language of section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C) only requires the prosecution to "plead and prove" that "any" of the exceptions to second strike sentencing eligibility set forth in subparagraphs (i) through (iv) apply. Neither subdivision (e)(2)(C) nor any other part of section 667 requires the prosecution to specifically "plead and prove" that an exception applies by using any partiсular language or by referencing the particular subparagraph of the exception or disqualifying factor. As noted, all of the exceptions are based either on the defendant's current conviction ( § 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(i)-(iii) ) or on specified super strike convictions (id ., subd. (e)(2)(C)(iv)).
The "notice" pleading requirements of section 952, which apply to charging an offense, offer guidance in interpreting the second pleading and proof requirement of section 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C). Section 952 states it is " 'sufficient if [the charge] contains[,] in substance, a statement that the accused has committed some public offense therein specified,' " which "may be alleged '... in any words sufficient to give the accused notice of the offense of which he [or she] is accused .' " ( People v. Carrington (2009)
Under the "special allegation" heading, the information referenced section "667," subdivisions "(c) and (e)(2)(A)," and their initiative counterparts, section "1170.12, subdivision (c), subsection (2)(a)." It alleged that defendant had two or more "serious and violent" fеlony convictions, "within the meaning of Penal Code sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(2)(A), and 1170.12, subdivision (c), subsection (2)(a)." It also listed the dates, places, and code section numbers of defendant's prior robbery and prior forcible rape convictions and identified the forcible rape conviction as "RAPE BY FORCE."
These allegations were sufficient to satisfy both of the pleading and proof requirements of sеction 667, subdivision (e)(2)(C) and defendant's due process right to notice that the prosecution would seek an indeterminate term on his current nonstrike felony conviction, pursuant to subdivision (e)(2)(A). As noted, subdivision (e)(2)(A) requires the court to impose an indeterminate term on a current, nonstrike felony, when the defendant has two or more prior strikes. By its terms, subdivision (e)(2)(A) applies "[e]xcept as provided in subparagrаph (C)," and subparagraph (C) requires the defendant to be sentenced as a second strike offender pursuant to subdivision (e)(1) (that is, as if the defendant had only one prior strike) unless an exception applies.
The allegation of the forcible rape conviction, which was identified by its code section number, Penal Code section 261, subdivision (a)(2), and as "RAPE BY FORCE," sufficiently notified defendant
Defendant unavailingly relies on several cases in which the defendants' enhancеd sentences were either disapproved or reversed on the grounds the factual or statutory bases of the enhancements were either not alleged at all ( People v. Mancebo, supra,
C. Correction of Abstract of Judgment
Lastly, defendant claims and we agree that the abstract of judgment must be corrected to show defendant was awarded 680 total days of presentence custody credits (340 actual days, plus 340 days for good conduct), pursuant to section 4019 rаther than section 2933.1 as the abstract indicates. The reporter's transcript shows that the credits were awarded pursuant to section 4019, not section 2933.1, which applies only to violent current felonies. ( People v. Mitchell (2001)
IV. DISPOSITION
The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to prepare an amended or corrected abstrаct of judgment showing that defendant's 680 days of presentence custody credits (340 days actual, 340 days good conduct) were
We concur:
RAMIREZ, P. J.
SLOUGH, J.
Notes
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
The court imposed consecutive one-year terms for all four prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), but stayed its imposition of sentence on three of the four, one-year terms (§ 654).
M.L. died before trial. The prosecution's case was based on M.L.'s statements during the 911 call, her statements to deputies who responded to the apartment, and the observations of the deрuties and medical personnel.
People v. Superior Court(Romero) (1996)
Felony domestic violence (§ 273.5, subd. (a) ) is a violent felony if it was charged and proved, under specified statutes, that the defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury on a person other than an accomplice or personally used a firearm in the commission of the offense (§ 667.5, subd. (c)(8)). Felony domestic violence is a serious felony if the defendant personally used a dangerous or deadly weapon in the commission of the offense. (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23).) None of these circumstances were alleged or proved in this case.