People v. TaylorPeople v. Taylor
OPINION
In Conservatorship of Ben C. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 529 [53 Cal.Rptr.3d 856, 150 P.3d 738] (Ben C.), our Supreme Court held that the judicial review procedures established in Anders v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 738 [18 L.Ed.2d 493, 87 S.Ct. 1396], and People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 [158 Cal.Rptr. 839, 600 P.2d 1071], do not apply to conservatorship proceedings under the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (LPSA) (
After a court trial, appellant Kory Taylor was ordered committed to the State Department of Mental Health for treatment as a mentally disordered offender (MDO). Appointed appellate counsel filed an opening brief raising no issues and requesting our independent review of the recоrd pursuant to Wende. At our request, the parties filed supplemental briefing addressing whether the judicial review procedures established by Anders and Wende apply to MDOA proceedings. Because we answer that question in the negative, we shall dismiss the appeal.
BACKGROUND
In 1994, Taylor was convicted of battery on a police officer (§ 243, former subd. (c), now subd. (с)(1)) and was sentenced to state prison. Prior to his release on parole, the Board of Parole Hearings (BPH) determined that he met the MDO criteria. On May 26, 2006, Taylor petitioned for a hearing challenging the BPH‘s finding pursuant to section 2966, subdivision (b).
Emily Rosten, Taylor‘s treating psychologist, testified that he suffered from schizoaffective disorder, biрolar type. As a result of that disorder, Taylor experienced “very significant” auditory hallucinations and was “severely depressed and self injurious.” Since his commitment four months earlier, staff usually had to monitor him to ensure he did not harm himself or others in complying with the “commands” he was hearing. Taylor‘s commitment offense occurred whеn he went to the police station to complain about a jaywalking ticket and assaulted a police officer who was sitting at the front desk. Taylor was also convicted of two felonies committed during his incarceration, both of which involved assaults on police officers.
Dr. Rosten opined that Taylor‘s severе mental disorder was a cause or aggravating factor in his commission of these offenses, noting that his mental health problems began when he was 13 years old and that he had been hospitalized multiple times prior to his incarceration. The doctor further opined that Taylor‘s disorder was not in remission and could not be kept in remission without treatment and that he was “resistive to treatment, uncooperative, assaultive and threatening.” She also concluded that Taylor represented a substantial danger of physical harm to others as a result of his severe
Taylor testified on his own behalf. He denied suffering from a severe mental disorder, and challenged Dr. Rosten‘s characterization of the commitment offense. According to Taylor, his assault on the officer at the police station “wasn‘t really that serious” and the fights he engaged in during his incarceration were “inevitable.” He also believed he did not present a danger to others if released because he planned to attend Alcoholics Anonymous and get a job. He also represented that he would not fight anymore if the judge told him not to.
DISCUSSION
In Anders, the United States Supreme Court held that when appointed counsel in a criminаl defendant‘s first appeal is unable to find any arguable issues for briefing, counsel should submit a brief referring to any matters in the record which might arguably support the appeal, provide the defendant a copy, and request permission to withdraw. (Anders v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 744.) After the defendant is given the opportunity to raise any points he or she wants the aрpellate court to consider, the court independently reviews the proceedings to determine whether the appeal is “wholly frivolous.” (Ibid.) In Wende, the California Supreme Court concluded that Anders required the Courts of Appeal “to conduct a review of the entire record whenever appointed counsel submits a brief which raises no specific issues or describеs the appeal as frivolous. This obligation is triggered by the receipt of such a brief from counsel and does not depend on the subsequent receipt of a brief from the defendant personally.” (People v. Wende, supra, 25 Cal.3d at pp. 441-442.) The court further recognized that “counsel may properly remain in the case so long as he has not described the aрpeal as frivolous and has informed the defendant that he may request the court to have counsel relieved if he so desires.” (Id., at p. 442, fn. omitted.)
In Sade C., our Supreme Court held that Anders and Wende do not extend to an indigent parent‘s appeal of an order adversely affecting custody rights or parental status. (In re Sade C. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 952, 959 [55 Cal.Rptr.2d 771, 920 P.2d 716].) After concluding that those procedures apply only as a matter of right to criminal appeals, the court found no reason to extend those procedures to indigent parent appeals after conducting a three-part analysis of the private interests at stake, the state‘s interests, and the risk that the absence of the review procedures would result in erroneоus resolution of the appeal. (Id., at pp. 986-987, citing Lassiter v. Department of Social Services (1981) 452 U.S. 18, 27 [68 L.Ed.2d 640, 101 S.Ct. 2153].) The private interests at stake in Sade C. were the interests of the parent and the child, a relationship
After balancing all three elements, the court concluded “that the requirement of fundamental fairness contained in the Fourteenth Amеndment‘s due process clause does not compel imposition of Anders‘s `prophylactic’ procedures. Procedures that are practically `unproductive,’ like those in question, need not be put into place, no matter how many and how weighty the interests that theoretically support their use. To be sure, these procedures may have `symbolic’ value of some kind. [Citation.] Such value, however, is too slight to compel their invocation.” (In re Sade C., supra, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 990-991, fn. omitted.) The court recognized that indigent parents and criminal defendants are not similarly situated because the former are not subject to punishment and the latter enjoy a wide range of cоnstitutional rights. (Id., at pp. 991-992.) The court also declined to extend the Anders procedures to indigent parent appeals pursuant to its inherent power to declare rules of appellate procedure, reasoning that “[w]hatever the benefits in ensuring that appointed appellate counsel conduct themselves as active advocates — they appear to be relatively small — the costs are greater. These obviously include time and money and delay in finality. It is true that the state‘s interest in its financial resources is no stronger here than elsewhere. But its interest in expeditiousness is strong indeed.” (Id., at p. 993.)
More recently, in Ben C., the court held that LPSA conservatorship proceedings are not subject to Anders/Wende review. In applying the first two parts of the Sade C. analysis, which address the private and public interests at stake, the court noted that the LPSA furthered both private and public interests in, among other things, “`ending the inappropriate and indefinite commitment of the mentally ill, providing prompt evaluation and treatment of persons with serious mental disorders, guaranteeing and protecting public safety, safeguarding the rights of the involuntarily committed through judicial review, and providing individualized treatment, supervision and placement services for the gravely disabled by means of a conservatorship program. ([Welf. & Inst. Code,] § 5001.)’ [Citation.] The Act also serves to protect the mentally ill from criminal victimization (§ 5001, subd. (g)) and from the
In analyzing the third factor, the court noted that the LPSA contains several procedural safeguards to protect against unjustified commitments. A person can be subjected to a one-year commitment only after “a carefully calibrated series of temporary detеntions for evaluation and treatment.” (Ben C., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 541.) The commitment begins with a 72-hour detention which may be extended for 14 days, and then for an additional 14, 30, or 180 days. (
After the one-year conservatorship expires, it can be extended for an additional year only if the conservator submits the opinions of two physicians or licensed psychologists that the conservatee is still gravely disabled. (Ben C., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 542;
The court‘s decisions in Sade C. and Ben C. compel us to conclude that the Anders/Wende review procedures do not apply to postconviction commitments under the MDOA. Such review is required only for “appointеd appellate counsel‘s representation of an indigent criminal defendant in his first appeal as of right.” (In re Sade C. supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 978, italics added.) MDOA proceedings are expressly defined as civil in nature. (
In analyzing the private and public interests at stake, we conclude that the individual‘s obvious interest in remaining free from a civil commitment is no greater than his or her interest in obtaining treatment for a severe mental disorder in order to prevent the commission of other crimes leading to further imprisonment. The state also has a strong interest in protecting the public from MDO‘s who represent a substantial danger of harm. (
In assessing the risk that the absence of Anders/Wende review would result in the erroneous resolution of MDOA appeals, we recognize there are numerous procedural protections against unwarranted commitments. In addition to thе factors that must be established in order to sustain a commitment (
MDO‘s are also entitled to the appointment of counsel on apрeal. As the court recognized in Ben C.: “The Rules of Court also create safeguards to ensure active advocacy on appeal. A Court of Appeal must now evaluate an attorney‘s qualifications for appointment, divide its appointments list into at least two levels based on experience and qualifications, match an attorney with the demands of the case, and review and evaluate the performance of appointed counsel to determine whether they should remain on the list at the same level, be placed on a different level, or be deleted from the list. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.300.)” (Ben C., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 542, fn. omitted.) In our experience, MDOA appeals are assigned to a relatively small pool of well-qualified attorneys who competently discharge their duties. Due process therefore does not require us to extend the Anders/Wende procedures to these appeals.
After Taylor‘s attorney filed a brief raising no issues, Taylor was served with a copy of the brief and informed of his right to file a supplemental brief identifying any issues he wanted us to consider. No such brief was filed.2 Taylor asks us to exercise our discretion to retain the appeal (see Ben C., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 544, fn. 7), yet he offers no legitimate reason for us to do so. Under the circumstances, we shall dismiss the appeal on our own motion. (Ben C., supra, at p. 544.)
CONCLUSION
A convicted defendant has the right to one аppeal in which to raise “arguable issues.” When counsel declares that no such issues exist, it is incumbent upon us to review the record to ensure that this is so. Our holding
DISPOSITION
The appeal is dismissed.
Gilbert, P. J., and Coffee, J., concurred.