66 Cal. 2d 184 | Cal. | 1967
Defendants were charged in an information in six separate counts with possession of marijuana (Health & Saf. Code, § 11530), transportation of marijuana (Health & Saf. Code, § 11531), possession of forged checks (Pen. Code, § 475), receiving stolen property (Pen. Code, § 496), alteration of serial numbers on firearm (Pen. Code, § 12090) and conspiracy to possess marijuana and to possess forged cheeks (Pen. Code, § 182). As to each count other than the alteration of the firearm (count five) they were also charged with having been armed with a deadly weapon at the time of the commission of the offense. A jury found defendants guilty as charged on all six counts. The court sentenced defendant Stout to state prison for the term provided by law but suspended imposition of sentence upon defendant Culp and granted her probation. Defendants appeal from the judgments.
On January 6, 1964 Mrs. MeMeen saw defendant Stout carrying a blue overnight bag and running towards a church under construction in San Jose. He hid the bag behind a dirt pile on the construction site. When Stout gave her no satisfactory explanation for his conduct, Mrs. MeMeen telephoned the police. As she resumed watching defendant, who remained near the church, she saw an automobile driven by defendant Culp pull up and stop. Stout ran to the dirt pile, recovered the bag, threw it in the back of the automobile, and got in the front passenger seat. Just as he did so, San Jose Police Officer Ankenbauer drove up in a police car and Mrs. MeMeen pointed out defendant Stout to him.
The officer approached the vehicle on Mrs. Culp’s side and asked for her driver’s license, which she handed to him. He then asked Stout what was in the blue bag. The latter replied that the bag belonged to defendant Culp who was “having trouble” with her husband and that he, Stout, was “just helping her out.” The officer then asked: “Well, you would-n’t mind then if I take a look in the bag?” At that point he started walking to the rear of the car “to get on the passenger’s side so I could take a look at the bag.” When he got to the rear of the car, Mrs. Culp drove off in a burst of speed, leaving her driver’s license in the officer’s possession.
Defendant Culp drove a short distance to a service station where she was seen concealing the blue bag in some refuse at the rear of the premises. She then drove back to the vicinity of the church where she was placed under arrest. She refused to identify herself to a second officer who had arrived at the scene, but handed him her handbag upon his request. Identification was eventually made through the driver’s license left in the hands of the first officer. Mrs. Culp refused to answer questions concerning the blue bag but the officers were able to locate it, nevertheless. It contained payroll checks which had been reported as stolen from a business firm, marijuana, narcotics paraphernalia and a loaded revolver with the serial number removed. When confronted with the bag Mrs. Culp admitted that it was hers, but stated that “I don’t know what is in it. ’ ’
At the police station the defendants were placed in separate interrogation rooms. Beyond identifying himself and his wallet, Stout refused to answer questions of a general nature asked of all arrestees, and demanded to see an attorney. Mrs. Culp also refused to answer general questions, other than to identify herself, until she saw an attorney. Testimony as to these events was presented before the jury but it did not include any accusations or incriminating questions directed to defendants at the police station.
A search of the vehicle driven by Mrs. Culp revealed registration certificates of other vehicles. One of the vehicles, registered in Stout’s name, was located in the driveway of a home near the church which had been rented to Mrs. Culp and was occupied by her and Stout. The officers obtained a search warrant and thereafter searched the premises, finding other evidence incriminating both defendants in connection with the marijuana, forgery and stolen property violations.
At the trial Officer Ankenbauer testified on direct examination as to his arrival at the scene, his initial conversation with
Defendants do not, and indeed could not successfully, question the sufficiency of the evidence to support their convictions. Initially they contend that the court erred in denying their motion to suppress the evidence consisting of the contents of the blue bag
In Badillo narcotics agents, without a warrant and without reasonable cause to make an arrest, unlawfully broke into the
In Gascon officers accosted and questioned a person on a street. After receiving answers which could not have created a reasonable suspicion, the officers announced that they intended to conduct a search, whereupon the detained person fled. He was apprehended but not before he had thrown away a package containing a narcotic, the unlawful possession of which was charged against him. It was conceded that, prior to the flight, the officers lacked probable cause to arrest or search the accused. Holding that the ease could not be distinguished in principle from Badillo, the court concluded that the accused “was fleeing from the attempted illegal invasion of his constitutional rights (U.S. Const., Fourteenth Amendment; Cal. Const., art. I, § 19), and ... he attempted to dispose of the evidence which the officers would have obtained had they been able to complete the threatened unlawful act. . . . [T]he evidence, being the product of the illegal acts of the officers, was illegally obtained. ” (169 Cal.App.2d at p. 359.)
The facts in the instant case do not disclose an actual completed invasion of constitutional rights as in Badillo. The question confronting us here is whether there was a threat of such an invasion capable of execution and sufficient to cause defendants’ flight and disposal of the bag so that we must conclude, as the court did in Gascon, that the evidence eventually obtained was the product of an attempted illegal act of the officer.
In People v. Mickelson (1963) 59 Cal.2d 448, 450-451 [30 Cal.Rptr. 18, 380 P.2d 658], we said that “we have consistently held that circumstances short of probable cause to make an arrest may still justify an officer’s stopping pedestrians or motorists on the streets for questioning. . . . Should the investigation then reveal probable cause to make an arrest, the officer may arrest the suspect and conduct a reasonable incidental search.” (See also People v. One 1960 Cadillac Coupe (1964) 62 Cal.2d 92, 95-96 [41 Cal.Rptr. 290, 396 P.2d 706] ; People v. Lopez (1963) 60 Cal.2d 223, 241 [32 Cal.Rptr. 424,
Defendants argue that, when Ankenbauer started to walk around to the other side of the automobile, they were entitled to conclude that he was about to make an illegal search even though they had made neither a response to his question nor any effort to ascertain his intentions. All of the circumstances of the incident were presented to the trial court during the voir dire examination had upon application of defendants (see fn. 3, ante). Whether there was a threat of an illegal search capable of being carried out was a question of fact to be determined by the court in the light of all the circumstances. (Cf. People v. Shelton (1964) 60 Cal.2d 740, 746 [36 Cal.Rptr. 433, 388 P.2d 665]; People v. Michael (1955) 45 Cal.2d 751, 753 [290 P.2d 852].) This question was determined adversely to defendants and such determination finds substantial evidentiary support in the record before us. We conclude that the court below properly overruled defendants’ motion to suppress the evidence.
Defendants attack the sufficiency of the affidavit in support of the issuance of the search warrant pursuant to which the officers searched their residence, contending “that it is based entirely upon hearsay and does not contain facts sufficient to show probable cause for search.” The trial court entertained a similar attack on the sufficiency of the affidavit and rejected it.
In determining the sufficiency of an affidavit for the issuance of a search warrant, the test of probable cause is approximately the same as that applicable to an arrest without a warrant, a commitment by a magistrate or an indictment by a grand jury (Williams v. Justice Court (1964) 230 Cal.App.2d 87, 94 [40 Cal.Rptr. 724]; People v. Aday (1964) 226 Cal.App.2d 520, 532-533 [38 Cal.Rptr. 199]) namely,
The instant affidavit was prepared by one of the officers involved in investigations immediately following the arrests. It recites that defendants were arrested while in possession of marijuana and certain payroll cheeks; that information had been received through police sources that a large number of similar payroll checks and other materials had been stolen, and one hundred of such cheeks were still missing; that a relative of the defendant Culp had advised that defendants resided together at the place to be searched and that the officers hoped to discover, by a search, particularly described materials. The sufficiency of the affidavit is manifest. The further contention that it is based on hearsay is without merit. (People v. Smith (1958) 50 Cal.2d 149, 151 [323 P.2d 435].)
Defendants assert that prejudicial error resulted from various rulings on the admissibility of certain evidence.
First. Hearsay objections were made and overruled as to the response to a radio police call made by the testifying officer to other police units and as to responses to an inquiry whether officers other than the testifying officer had touched the contents of the blue bag after its recovery. It is questionable whether the testimony objected to constitutes hearsay, that is, extrajudicial statements offered to prove the truth of the facts asserted. (See People v. Dalton (1959) 172 Cal.App.2d 15 [341 P.2d 793]; Witkin, Cal. Evidence (2d ed. 1966) §§ 205, 215.) In any event, defendants could not have been prejudiced in view of the whole of the record.
Second. It is argued that because the prosecutor was not required by the court to lay a proper foundation, the
Third. Objection is also made to testimony by an officer concerning the manner of assembling an eyedropper, gasket and hypodermic needle found in a plastic case in the blue bag. These items were not introduced as evidence and petitioners contend that the testimony relative to them was thus irrelevant, inflammatory and prejudicial. None of the crimes charged concerned, in any manner, the narcotic paraphernalia and those narcotic violations of which petitioners were convicted were established overwhelmingly and independently of the objected to testimony. Moreover the trial court, in unequivocal language, advised the jurors that the paraphernalia was not in evidence and that all testimony relative thereto should be disregarded. Although error may have occurred in the admission of the officer’s testimony irrelevant to any issue in the case, it could not have constituted a miscarriage of justice in the prevailing circumstances. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243].)
We now turn to the contention that the admission in evidence of certain extrajudicial statements constitutes reversible error under the rules announced in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 378 U.S. 478 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 84 SCt. 1758] and People v. Dorado (1964) 62 Cal.2d 338 [42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361], Since the cause was tried long before June 13, 1966, the date of the decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602], the instant problem is governed by Escobedo and Dorado and not by Miranda. (People v. Rollins (1967) 65 Cal.2d 681, 691-692 [56 Cal.Rptr. 293, 423 P.2d 221].) In their briefs defendants set forth a congeries of statements, purportedly incriminating, some made by Mrs. Culp and others by Stout. At oral argument, however, defendants’ counsel made it clear to us that no error is claimed in respect to the admission of any statement made by Stout and that the only error asserted on behalf of Mrs. Culp pertains to her statement in which she
At the time she made the statement Mrs. Culp was sitting in a patrol ear near the church. As we have recounted above, she had already disposed of the bag at the service station and had driven back to the scene of the initial incident. At this point a police officer, unaware of the fact that other officers were in possession of Mrs. Culp’s driver’s licence and had already recovered and examined the bag, sought to establish her identity and the ownership of the bag.
Dorado, in applying the principles of Escobedo, prohibits the introduction of extrajudicial statements made at a time when (1) the investigation was no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but had begun to focus on a particular suspect, (2) the suspect was in custody, (3) the authorities had carried out a process of interrogations that lent itself to eliciting incriminating statements, and (4) the authorities had not effectively informed the suspect of his right to counsel and of his absolute right to remain silent, and these rights had not been waived. (People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 353-354.) In Dorado the extrajudicial statement was a full confession of the crime charged, whereas in the instant ease the Culp statement does not constitute a confession to any of the crimes charged in the information. The state is nevertheless required to meet the Dorado standard for admissibility of the statement (see People v. Hillery (1965) 62 Cal.2d 692, 712 [44 Cal.Rptr. 30, 401 P.2d 382]), but the self-incrimination deemed to result from an improper admission does not necessarily require that we reverse as in the ease of an improperly admitted confession. (See People v. Bostick (1965) 62 Cal.2d 820, 834 [44 Cal.Rptr. 649, 402 P.2d
At the time of Mrs. Culp’s statement she was in custody and had not been advised of her right to counsel and her right to remain silent. However, she had been taken into custody by Officer Ankenbauer on charges of speeding, reckless driving and resisting arrest, at a time when the blue bag had not been recovered or its contents known. Thereafter Officer Rennick arrived at the scene of the arrest and was advised of the situation as it was then known. Mrs. Culp was placed in his custody and he sought to obtain routine information in preparation to impounding her automobile. The car lacked visible registration and the officer was unable to find evidence of registration on the steering column, the sun visors or the glove compartment, all of which he examined. Mrs. Culp, still in the automobile at the time, refused to identify herself but, upon request, handed her purse to Rennick. While the latter was examining its contents, Ankenbauer approached and handed Rennick Mrs. Culp’s driver’s license, from which he was able to identify her. She was then placed in Rennick’s patrol ear and the officer completed his preparations for impounding, and sealed the automobile.
In the meanwhile Officer Ankenbauer, with Stout still in his patrol car, left the scene accompanied by Sergeant Lee in another patrol car, to search for the blue bag. During this period Rennick had inquired concerning the blue bag, the significance of which was then undetermined, and when Sergeant Lee drove up with it Mrs. Culp conceded it was hers when Rennick, still unaware of its significance, pointed out that her fingerprints could be detected.
As noted, a necessary requirement for exclusion of an extrajudicial statement in the absence of proper warnings is that the authorities had carried out a process of interrogation which lent itself to eliciting incriminating statements. The situation which confronted Rennick in the instant case required that he obtain information in connection with the impounding of a vehicle involved in traffic violations and resisting arrest and, perhaps, that he investigate suspicious conduct involving the blue bag in connection with other possible, unknown violations. The on-the-spot investigation which he con
As additional grounds for the inadmissibility of the Culp statement claimed to be proscribed under Escobedo-Dorado, defendants contend that they were denied the right to make telephone calls to their attorneys at the time they were booked. (Cf. In re Newbern (1961) 55 Cal.2d 500, 507 [11 Cal.Rptr. 547, 360 P.2d 43].) Defendant Culp testified on voir dire that in response to her first request to call an attorney she was advised that she could do so only after she was booked; that after being booked she was not permitted to make any call until two days later, although she made several requests for permission to call during that period. Stout testified, also on voir dire, that he made numerous requests for permission to make a call but was not permitted to do so until some seven hours after he was brought into the police station. Section 851.5 of the Penal Code provides in subdivision (a) : “Any person arrested has, immediately after he is booked, and except where physically impossible, no later than three hours after his arrest, the right to make, ... at least two telephone calls from the police station or other place at which he is booked, one completed to the person called, who may be his attorney, employer, or a relative, the other completed to a bail bondsman. ”
The testimony of police officers is in sharp conflict with that of defendants. The deputy sheriff in charge of booking on the
Even if the matters asserted by defendants could be deemed to constitute a denial of counsel it does not follow that it would bear upon the admissibility of any of the extrajudicial statements (see People v. Sigal (1963) 221 Cal.App.2d 684 [34 Cal.Rptr. 767]), as the only statements of any substance were made prior to the claimed denial and, accordingly, could not have Sowed therefrom. Moreover the record clearly demstrates that the question of whether defendants were permitted to make calls to their attorneys was presented to the trial court, outside the presence of the jury, and the court ruled against defendants. We cannot say that the determination lacks substantial evidentiary support.
Defendants next complain that the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct by commenting on defendants’ failure to take the stand to explain their conduct. (See Griffin v. California (1965) 380 U.S. 609 [14 L.Ed.2d 106, 85 S.Ct. 1229].) Such comments as were made by the prosecutor occurred during his closing argument, and only after defense counsel had advised the jurors relative to inferences which might be drawn upon an assertion of the constitutional right against self-incrimination. In countering defense counsel’s arguments the prosecutor stated that he did not agree that because of defendants’ failure to take the stand the state’s case was necessarily one dependent upon circumstantial evidence; that by failing to testify defendants were subject to a permissible inference that they came unlawfully into possession of the gun found in the blue bag and thereafter removed the identification marks therefrom, and that certain defenses asserted by defense counsel could be deemed as his claims only, because defendants failed to testify in support of them.
The prosecutor’s remarks cannot be justified on the ground that they were invited by the prior argument of defense counsel that he had advised against testifying because defendants would then have the advantage of only a circumstantial case against them. The prosecutor not only met this argument by urging that the failure to testify did not make the ease a
In view of the foregoing, we cannot say “that the State has demonstrated, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prosecutor’s comments . . . did not contribute to [defendants’] convictions” (Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 18, 26) of violations of Penal Code sections 496 and 12090 as charged in counts four and five, respectively, of the information. As to the remaining counts, however, we are satisfied that the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the misconduct complained of did not contribute to the verdicts obtained. (Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
A final contention that a two-hour limitation on final argument denied defendants a fair trial is not meritorious. The court did not interrupt or terminate counsels’ arguments, although it appears they went beyond the two-hour limit. The prosecutor was also limited to two hours in his arguments and, at the hearing on a motion for a new trial, his statement that he had actually taken two hours and five minutes as against two hours and twenty-one minutes by defense counsel went unchallenged. The record fails to disclose that defense counsel objected to the imposition of the limitation except on motion for a new trial and on this appeal.
Unlike the present case, in those instances where the imposition of a limitation has been held to be reversible error, counsel properly interjected an objection to the order limiting time and the evidence was largely circumstantial or in substantial conflict. (People v. Green (1893) 99 Cal. 564, 565, 569 [34 P. 231]; People v. Keenan (1859) 13 Cal. 581, 582-583, 583-584; People v. Fernandez (1906) 4 Cal.App. 314, 321, 323-324 [87 P. 1112].) In the absence of a showing of prejudice, no reason appears why we should disturb the exercise of discretion by the trial court in imposing a reasonable limitation on the argument of counsel. (See People v. Simon (1951) 107 Cal.App.2d 105, 123 [236 P.2d 855].)
Traynor, C. J., McComb, J., Peters, J., Tobriner, J., Mosk, J., and Burke, J., concurred.
Appellants’ petition for a rehearing was denied May 4, 1967, and the opinion and judgment were modified to read as printed above.
Although defendant Culp appeals from the judgment of conviction, as we point out, no such judgment was entered against her. We therefore construe her appeal as an appeal from an order granting probation which is ‘ ‘ deemed to be a final judgment. ’ ’ (Pen. Code, § 1237; see People v. Donohoe (1962) 200 Cal.App.2d 17, 32 [19 Cal.Rptr. 454].)
The record is not entirely clear because of the officer’s response to defense counsel’s leading questions: ‘ ‘ Q I see. I take it you wanted to look inside the bag and you left to go to look at the bag; is that right? A Yes. I had left and was going to go around the other side and continue the conversation. Q In other words, you said you’d like to look inside the bag and at that point you turned and walked around the back of the car with your intention being to open the door, take the bag out and look at it; is that correct? A Yes, talk to Mr. Stout. Q And at that point the defendants left; is that correct? A Yes.”
In response to the prosecutor’s questions Ankenbauer testified as follows: ‘‘Q I see. Now, at that time when you walked around the car, you were going to what place? A Around to the passenger’s side of the car to continue the conversation with Mr. Stout regarding the bag. Q I see. Were you going to talk to Mr. Stout further before you did anything respecting the bag? A Yes. Q And were you going to ask Mr. Stout any other questions respecting the bag? A Yes. Q Were you going to ask him if he would let you look in the bag? A That’s right. Q Again? A Yes.”
While the contents were admitted in evidence, the blue bag itself was not.
The officer testified that when another officer drove up with the blue bag, “He held it out. The car pulled up fairly close to our vehicle [wherein defendant Culp was sitting] and he held it up and asked if this was her ease. And she said, no. And then I said to her that ‘If it is your case it will have your fingerprints on it. Therefore, it won’t do you any good to tell any fabrications or story.’ And she said ‘I take good prints. My prints are all over it so it is mine, but I don’t know what is in it. ’ ’ ’
The following are the major portions of the claimed improper comments: “Counsel has his own explanation for that failure to take the stand, and it is one that I think I can’t buy personally. He infers that
“Now, there is a presumption that if he has it [the gun with the serial numbers removed] in Ms possession, that he was the one who did that removal. This is a presumption that if he took the stand, he could say, 'I didn’t do that. I bought it that way, ’ or 'I didn’t realize that was on there but I didn’t do it.’ He did nothing. And you will find that when he does nothing, then you may, if you choose—but you don’t have to— draw the inference as against him in this case because he didn’t testify. j j
“If you want to say, ‘I didn’t know it was happening, I was unconscious of what was happening, it happened through misfortune, it happened through accident, it happened through a mistake on my part,’ all you have to do is take the stand and say so. . . . Who says so? [Defense counsel] says so. So [the claim] is not [made by] defendants but [by defense counsel].”
Defendants also claim that the court erred in giving the usual instruction as to defendants’ failure to testify condemned in Griffin v. California, supra, 380 U.S. 609 which was decided after the trial of the instant case. However, the record before us fails to disclose that such instruction was given.