THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. BRANDON JUSTIN LAMAR STEWART, Defendant and Appellant.
A155499
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION TWO
Filed 10/9/20
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION; (Alameda County Super. Ct. No. 16-CR-017147)
We conclude the prosecutor violated Brady and the trial court erred in denying the defense motion for new trial on that ground.
I.
Procedural History
In December 2016, the Alameda County District Attorney charged Stewart with forcible sexual penetration and attempted forcible rape of a minor 14 years or older, both committed on Jane Doe 1 in November 2016. The complaint also charged Stewart with two counts regarding Jane Doe 2, lewd acts against a child under 14, between May 25, 2012, and May 25, 2013, and lewd acts against a child of 15, between July 1, 2015, and July 31, 2015, when he was at least 10 years older than her. The complaint also alleged Stewart committed sexual acts against multiple victims as a predicate for sentence enhancements.1
As part of initial discovery, the prosecutor provided the defense with an investigator‘s notes indicating that in 2012, Doe 2 had been the victim of “288A Lewd and Lascivious Acts W/Child in 2012“; that the matter had been “investigated and Turned over to Juvenile Authority” and “Closed 11/27/12“; and that there was an Oakland Police Department (OPD) report regarding that matter. The notes further indicated that Doe 2 had told the investigator the incident occurred when she was 9 or 10 and was spending the night at her cousin‘s house, where she “woke up in the middle of the night” and found “a man lying down next to her,” and that “the man was touching her” and “made her touch him.” The notes indicated this may have been the incident described in the 2012 police report. The prosecutor did not provide the defense with the police report or any information about its contents beyond what we have stated. Nor did the prosecutor inform defense counsel that the report contained potential Brady material.
The charges against Stewart involving Doe 2 were eliminated from the case in January 2017, when the district attorney filed a new complaint that included counts 1 and 2 as to Doe 1 only and omitted the charges as to Doe 2 and the multiple victim allegation.
The preliminary hearing commenced on February 16, 2018. Only Doe 1 testified. Stewart was held to answer on three counts involving Doe 1, following which an information wаs filed containing the three charges on
On April 18, 2018, the People notified the defense of their intent to call Doe 2 as a witness under
On May 8, 2018, defense counsel requested that the prosecutor provide a copy of the 2012 OPD report about Doe 2 referenced in the investigative notes produced during initial discovery. The prosecutor responded that the suspect, who was not Stewart, and the victim were protected under
On May 14, 2018, the case was assigned to a trial department, with trial to begin on May 15, 2018. From May until early June, the trial court heard motions in limine and a jury was selected. Among the motions were the People‘s motion to allow Doe 2 to testify as a propensity witness under
Four days after the jury issued its verdict and six weeks after Stewart had requested it from the juvenile court, that court provided defense counsel with redacted Child Protective Services (CPS) reports regarding Doe 2. One of the reports described an incident of alleged abuse of Doe 2, which had been reported in 2012. The report stated that in an interview at a Child Abuse, Listening, Interviewing, and Coordination (CALICO) center, Doe 2 had described being sexually abused by a male cousin who was a year older than her starting when she was eight or nine years old. That abuse, which also included an incident when she was 11 years old, consisted of multiple instances of oral copulation occurring about once a week, and vaginal penetration and anal sex occurring two or three times. Doe 2 told the investigator she did not resist because the cousin threatened to tell her mother and she did not want to get into trouble. She said her brother had caught her having anal sex with the cousin in the closet and had pushed the cousin off and threatened him. The CPS report indicated that the investigator concluded the allegations were unfounded because “[t]he children made conflicting reports regarding the alleged sexual abuse.” Her brother (who was 10) and the male cousin (who was 12) had each accused the other of engaging in oral copulation with a seven-year-old cousin. Doe 2 (who was 11) claimed the cousin had forced her to engage in the acts of oral copulation, vaginal penetration and anal penetration, but her brother reported that she had engaged in these acts with her cousin voluntarily. The cousin reported he and Doe 2 only had engaged in oral copulation twice and that both incidents had been initiated by Doe 2.
Based on the CPS report,3 on August 21, 2018, Stewart‘s defense counsel moved for a new trial on the ground of discovery of new evidence and the prosecution‘s failure to disclose the evidence in violation of Brady.
The trial court denied Stewart‘s new trial motion on the ground that it would not likely have admitted the evidence for several reasons, and thus it would not have “rendered a different result probable on retrial.” Its reasoning was that “the evidence would not have been presented to the jury under [Evidence Code sections 782 and] 352 because to resolve the issue as to whether [the evidence] was consensual or nonconsensual by [Doe 2] . . . it would simply be too time consuming” and “would involve a trial within a trial.” Further, “the fact that the child welfare worker ultimately concluded that the charges were unfounded” would not have been admissible because “[i]t‘s an inadmissible opinion.”5
II.
The Evidence at Trial
The People called eight witnesses in their case in chief, including Doe 1, Doe 1‘s mother and sister, Doe 2, Doe 2‘s mother, OPD officers Amanda
Doe 1 testified that on November 25, 2016, the day after Thanksgiving, she, her cousin, defendant Brandon Stewart, whom she‘d known all her life, and his sister Aaliyah were sitting together on the cоuch in the living room at her home in Oakland. She was in the middle, with Stewart on one side and Aaliyah on the other. Doe 1 was 15 years old at the time. Aaliyah had stayed overnight at her house for the week of Thanksgiving. Her family and Stewart‘s family had shared a meal the night before, on Thanksgiving. She and Aaliyah were watching a movie together on her phone sharing ear buds, while Stewart was on his phone.
Stewart began rubbing Doe 1‘s thigh, and she moved his hand and moved away from him on the couch. At some point, Aaliyah got up to use the bathroom, saying she‘d be “back in 10.” The door to the bathroom was broken and off the hinges and did not allow complete privacy. While Aaliyah was in the bathroom, Stewart started rubbing Doe 1‘s thigh again, and she scooted over again. He said, “come on, [Doe 1],” and she said, “stop.” He kept saying “come on, [Doe 1],” and tried to put his hand on her vagina. He tried to pull her pajama bottoms down, and she was trying to pull them up. Her underwear was getting pulled down with her pants. As they struggled over the pants, he put his fingers inside her vagina. He moved them inside her while keeping his eye on the bathroom door for what felt like about two minutes. She grabbed his wrist and tried to pull his hand away from her and whispered to him to stop, but he kept putting his hand back inside her. After about two minutes, he took his hand out. In the meanwhile, he took his penis out of his boxers, and she felt his penis behind her, between her anus and her vagina. She felt his penis go into her vagina. It was in there for what seemed like “a long time” оr “for a minute or two” and he was “trying to force it all the way in.” She tried to push him off and “scoot up.” She whispered to him to stop, but he kept on saying “come on, [Doe 1].” Her vagina hurt when he put his fingers and penis in it. After he pulled his penis out, he attempted to force it in her butt and its tip went in. He was moving back and forth, and her butt was “kind of hurting.” She thought he was trying to put his penis in her vagina. When he stopped trying to put it in her vagina, she pushed away from him and went to her sister‘s bedroom. She was pulling her pants up as she went. Aaliyah was still in the bathroom.
Doe 1 testified that she did not initially tell her mother or sister about the incident because she was afraid of how they might react and whether they would believe her. Stewart‘s younger sister had accused him of molesting her years earlier when she was about four years old, her family had not believed her, and she had been beaten because of it. Doe 1 was also concerned that her mother would tell her stepdad and brother, who were overprotective of her and would probably do something to Stewart.
When Doe 1‘s parents came home, her father noticed something was wrong and asked her about it, but she said she was OK because she didn‘t want him to know about what happened. That night, she took a very long shower because she “felt kind of dirty.” She slept on the floor of her sister‘s room that night. The next day, she went with Stewart, Aaliyah and their mom to visit Stewart and Aaliyah‘s aunt and cousin.
When Doe 1 returned to school the following week, she began acting out and got in trouble with her teachers.
Doe 1‘s mother testified that after the incident Doe 1 began taking long showers, acted “empty” and never wanted to do anything except lay in her room all the time. Teachers called her to report Doe 1 was struggling in class, which was also unusual. On November 30, 2018, when Doe 1 was sent home early from school, she told her mother about the sexual assault. She was crying. Doe 1‘s mother did not remember the details of what Doe 1 told her. The next day, Doe 1‘s mother took Doe 1 to the hospital.
Doe 1‘s sister also testified that in the ensuing months Doe 1‘s behavior changed. She was uncharacteristically quiet and snappy and angry, was taking long showers and “wasn‘t happy anymore.” Doe 1 also testified that during this period she felt more emotional, suffered from rapid mood swings and had “a lot of anxiety.” She was uncomfortable leaving home and going to school.
OPD officer Jimenez met Doe 1 at the Kaiser medical building in Oakland, interviewed her and took a statement from her. When the discussion turned to the abuse, Doe 1 became shy and uncomfortable and had difficulty discussing the incident. Officer Jimenez felt Doe 1 was not being completely open and didn‘t want to discuss certain details. After the interview, he took Doe 1 to Highland Hospital to undergo a SART exam.
The following day, Doe 1 went for an interview at the CALICO center, where staff trained in forensic interviews of sex assault and child abuse victims interviewed her. The interview was more detailed than the interview conducted by police.
Doe 2 testified that Stewart sexually assaulted her on two occasions. Doe 2, who did not know Doe 1, was a cousin of Stewart on her father‘s side. When she was younger, she had occasionally spent time at Stewart‘s house, and recalled being assaulted by him in a basement room of the house when she was 11 years old. After other people left the room, Stewart asked her for a “favor,” specifically, to put his penis in her mouth. She said no, but he kept asking her three or four times until she agreed. He told her to sit on her knees, then unzipped his pants and put his penis in her mouth. He moved her head back and forth. At one point he reached down and touched hеr underneath, in her vaginal area. He touched her on top of her vagina underneath her underwear and was moving his finger.
When she tried to move away, Stewart took his penis out of his mouth, bent her over, pulled down her pants, and put his penis inside her butt hole. He was trying but she wasn‘t sure it went in. He then put his penis back in her mouth. She didn‘t want his penis in her mouth. Afterward, he zipped up his pants and left. Doe 2 felt confused, afraid and guilty, like it was half her fault. She did not tell her mom about it at the time.
About three years later, when Doe 2 was 14, Stewart assaulted her again. He was at her family‘s home and was on the couch while she was lying down on it watching television. Everyone else in the house was asleep. Stewart went to Doe 2‘s bedroom and called for her. She went to her bedroom. No one else was in the bedroom besides him. He sat on her bed and asked her to sit in a chair in front of him. He asked if she remembered what she “did to him back at his house,” and when she said she did, asked her to do it again. She refused and, as she then looked out the window, he reached under her shirt, inside her bra, grabbed her breast and began sucking on it. She started to cry and he stopped, asked if she was okay, said he was sorry and left the room. Again, she felt guilty.
Doe 2‘s mother reported what Doe 2 had told her to the police. When police interviewed Doe 2, she told them about Stewart putting his penis in her mouth but not about his putting his penis in her butt or the second time he put his penis in her mouth because the memories were still coming back to her. The first time she ever told anyone about Stewart putting his penis in her butt was when she told the deputy district attorney. She didn‘t tell the police or the deputy district attorney about him touching and rubbing her vagina.
Doe 2‘s mother testified. She said her son, who is older than Doe 2, spent time with Stewart when the two were growing up. Her son and Stewart were about the same age. One of her daughters died in front of Stewart‘s home in August 2016. It was the fall of 2016 when she first learned that something sexual had happened between Doe 2 and Stewart when Doe 2 was 14. Sometime after that conversation, police called her about another girl who was victimized and said they had heard about Doe 2. She then asked Doe 2 if Doe 2 had told her everything that happened. In the second conversation, Doe 2 told her about what Stewart had done to her when shе was 11. Doe 2‘s mother never called the police about what Stewart did to Doe 2. The police called her in December. She discussed trying to arrange a time for Doe 2 to talk to them but was not able to arrange a time. Later, she learned police had talked with Doe 2 at school.
Doe 2‘s mother further testified that around the time police called her, Doe 1‘s father also called her. She also talked with Doe 1‘s mother. She never spoke with Doe 1.
Officer Rivera testified about her investigation of the case, including her contacts with Doe 2‘s mother and her interview of Doe 2.
Stewart testified in his own defense, denying he had sexually assaulted Doe 1. He remembered being at Doe 1‘s house and playing with his phone while she and Aaliyah watched a movie. He did not recall Aaliyah leaving to go to the bathroom. He slept there that night, and the next morning “was just a
Stewart also denied he ever assaulted Doe 2. He had been in juvenile hall and then a group home for much of 2015, the year in which the second incident with Doe 2 allegedly occurred.
Stewart‘s sister, Aaliyah, testified about the night of her brother‘s alleged assault on Doe 1. She remembered getting up to use the bathroom at some point that evening but told police she was only gone for about two minutes. She did not recall Doe 1 being upset or taking a long shower that evening. Doe 1 said she wanted to go with Aaliyah, Stewart and the others to their Aunt Latasha‘s house the next day. Aaliyah did not remember anything different about Doe 1 the day after that, when they went to Reno.
Claire Nelli testified that she was a registered nurse certified to conduct SART examinations and consult on sexual assault cases. She had conducted SART exams for more than 20 years. She did not examine Doe 1 but reviewed the notes and photographs prepared by the SART examiner. She did not see any hymenal tears on the photographs, which in her opinion showed only normal irregularities. It could be difficult to capture images of such tears. She saw areas of erythema in the photographs but opined that it did not have clinical significance and could have been caused by anything or nothing at all. The blue dye in the some of the photographs should not be used on the hymen area because it gets diffused, does not uptake correctly and can produce false positives. The dark blue lines in two areas of the hymen on the photos were not significant and could have been just dye in the folds of the hymen. She could not see tears in the hymen on the other photos.
On rebuttal, Brandi Macias testified that he was a sheriff‘s technician who monitored jail calls at one of the Alameda County jails. He identified compact discs (CDs) containing calls placed by Stewart while he was at the jail, which were further identified by Officer Rivera and played for the jury. The CD containing the calls is not included in the record on appeal, but closing arguments reflect that the People interpreted Stewart‘s comments in those calls as an attempt to create an alibi, specifically, to persuade his mother and others to say he was not at Doe 1‘s house on the date of the incident.
The Verdict
After deliberating over the course of two days and making several requests for readbacks and other information, the jury returned a split verdict. It found Stewart guilty of forcible sexual penetration of a minor 14 or older, guilty of forcible rape of a minor 14 or older, not guilty of sodomy by use of force but guilty of the lesser included offense of battery.
DISCUSSION
I.
Brady Obligations
As interpreted in Brady, “[t]he prosecution has a duty under the
” ‘Evidence is “favorable” if it . . . helps the defensе or hurts the prosecution, as by impeaching one of the prosecution‘s witnesses.’ [Citation.] ‘Evidence is “material” “only if there is a reasonable probability that, had [it] been disclosed to the defense, the result . . . would have been different.” ’ [Citations.] Such a probability exists when the undisclosed evidence reasonably could be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” (In re Miranda, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 575.) “In determining whether there is a reasonable probability that disclosure of such evidence would have yielded a different outcome under Brady, ’ “the court must consider the nondisclosure dynamically, taking into account the range of predictable impacts on trial strategy.” ’ ” (People v. Gaines (2009) 46 Cal.4th 172, 184 (Gaines).)
“The prosecution‘s constitutional duty to disclose all substantial material evidence favorable to an accused ‘extends to evidence which may
“The prosecution need not affirmatively suppress evidence favorable to the defense in order for there to be ‘suppression’ under Brady. A good faith failure to disclose, irrespective of the presence of a defense request for the materials, may constitute the ‘suppression’ necessary to establish a Brady violation. [Citation.] Nor does the evidence necessarily have to be in the direct possession of the prosecution. As the Supreme Court has explained,
‘[T]he individual prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on the government‘s behalf in the case, including the police. But whether the prosecutor succeeds or fails in meeting this obligation (whether, that is, a failure to disclose is in good faith or bad faith, [citation]), the prosecution‘s responsibility for failing to disclose known, favorable evidence rising to the level of importance is inescapable.’ ”
(People v. Uribe (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1475, fn. omitted.)
In reviewing a claim that the prosecutor violated due process under Brady, we apply independent review to conclusions of law or of mixed questions of law and fact, such as the elements of a Brady claim. “Because the referee [hearing the matter] can observe the demeanor of the witnesses and their manner of testifying, findings of fact, though not binding, are entitled to great weight when supported by substantial evidence.” (People v. Salazar (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1031, 1042.)
A. The Government Suppressed Evidence.
Stewart contends the prosecution violated its obligations under Brady by withholding a police report containing impeachment evidence concerning a key prosecution witness, namely Doe 2. He acknowledges that he received the impeachment evidence, albeit in the form of a CPS report rather than the police report, from the juvenile court in response to a petition he filed under
We do not agree entirely with either party. We do not agree with Stewart that the prosecutor was required to turn the police report over to him or that the trial court was required to review the report (or other juvenile records) in camera. Moreover, we do not agree with the People that the prosecutor‘s disclosurе of notes reflecting the existence of a police report documenting Doe 2‘s allegation of sexual abuse by a party other than Stewart satisfied its Brady obligation simply because Stewart could have sought the report from the juvenile court. Rather, we conclude that while the prosecutor could have satisfied its obligation by informing the defense that the police report contained Brady material, its disclosure neither expressly nor implicitly indicated that was the case.
The parties discuss three cases that bear on a prosecutor‘s Brady obligation in the context of confidential records.
In Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (1987) 480 U.S. 39 (Ritchie), the high court considered “whether and to what extent a State‘s interest in the confidentiality of its investigative files concerning child abuse must yield to a criminal defendant‘s Sixth and
The defendant was convicted at a trial in which his daughter was the main prosecution witness and appealed, claiming the failure to provide the records violated his rights under the confrontation and due process clauses. (Ritchie, supra, 480 U.S. at pp. 44-45.) After addressing its jurisdiction and rejecting the defendant‘s confrontation clause argument, the court turned to the due process challenge under Brady. (Ritchie, at pp. 57-61.) It rejected the state‘s argument that the defendant‘s Brady rights were trumped by the state‘s confidentiality requirement. Observing that the state statute did not prohibit disclosure in all circumstances, the court declined to interpret it to preclude disclosure of information that a court determined was ” ‘material’ to the defense of the accused.” (Ritchie, at p. 58.) It affirmed the state high court‘s remand of the case but rejected that court‘s determination that the defense had a right to review all the files. (Id. at pp. 58-59.) The defendant‘s interest in a fair trial could be protected by requiring an in camera review by the trial court. (Id. at p. 60.)
Johnson, supra, 61 Cal.4th 696, which the parties also discuss, is similar to Ritchie but involved confidential personnel records. The issue in Johnson was whether the prosecutor satisfied Brady by informing the defendant there was potential Brady material in police department personnel files regarding officers who were witnesses in the case. (Johnson, at pp. 706, 716.) Our high court held there was no Brady violation because, once having been made aware of the existence of potentially relevant officer personnel records, the defendant could have sought their disclosure by making a Pitchess motion.6
The prosecution did not have the records in its possession and would have had to file its own Pitchess motion to obtain them. (Johnson, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 705.) In holding the prosecutor‘s Brady obligation was satisfied when it disclosed the existence of the records, the court observed that “criminal defendants and the prosecution have equal ability to seek information in confidential personnel records, and . . . such defendants, who can represent their own interests at least as well as the prosecution and probably better, have the right to make a Pitchess motion whether or not the prosecution does so . . . .” (Johnson, at p. 705.)
The court held that ” ‘[t]he prosecutor had no constitutional duty to conduct defendant‘s investigation for him. Because Brady and its progeny serve “to restrict the prosecution‘s ability to suppress evidence rather than to provide the accused a right to criminal discovery,” the Brady rule does not displace the adversary system as the primary means by which truth is uncovered. [Citation.] Consequently, “when information is fully available to a defendant at the time of trial and his only reason for not obtaining and presenting the evidence to the Court is his lack of reasonable diligence, the
discovery fully protects their due process right under Brady, . . . to obtain discovery of potentially exculpatory information located in confidential personnel records. The prosecution need not do anything in these circumstances beyond providing to the defense any information it has regarding what the records might contain—in this case informing the defense of what the police department had informed it.” (Id. at pp. 721-722.)
Stewart argues that under Johnson, the trial court here should have reviewed in camera the police report held by the prosecution, and then disclosed to the defense any Brady material the court uncovered. If the records here were confidential law enforcement personnel records governed by Pitchess and the
Under
Applying Johnson‘s reasoning,
In J.E., the court addressed whether a juvenile in a delinquency case was entitled to have the juvenile court inspect in camera a prosecution witness‘s juvеnile dependency file for Brady material. (J.E., supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1332.) The juvenile court had rejected the ward‘s petition for in camera
Citing cases holding Brady may require disclosure “even when the evidence is subject to a state privacy privilege,” the appellate court observed, “[a]lthough the government‘s Brady obligations are typically placed upon the prosecutor, the courts have recognized that the Brady requirements can also be satisfied when a trial court conducts an in camera review of documents containing possible exculpatory or impeachment evidence.” (J.E., supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1135-1336.) It next turned to
J.E., like Johnson, held that the combination of prosecutors’ disclosure of the existence of Brady material in confidential records and the availability of statutory in camera review procedures was sufficient to satisfy the government‘s Brady obligations. Whereas the statutory Pitchess procedure discussed in Johnson entails review by the trial court, the
Based on
However, while we agree with the People that they could have satisfied their Brady obligation by informing the defense of the existence of potential impeachment material in the police report, making a copy of the OPD available for the juvenile court‘s review, and referring Stewart to the
The People disclosed certain investigative notes and the existence of a police report (but not the actual report) about a prior alleged molestation of Doe 2 by someone other than Stewart, and the notes reflected that those allegations had been investigated and turned over to the Juvenile Authority, and the matter had been closed. But the People did not disclose, either directly or indirectly, that the police report (and possibly other juvenile records) contained information that could be used to impeach Doe 2 regarding her testimony about Stewart‘s molestation. The notes the prosecutor produced suggested the prior molestation incident was far less relevant than the police report (and the CPS reports eventually provided to Stewart) revealed, namely, that Doe 2 had made prior and possibly conflicting allegations of sexual abuse by another cousin; that she admitted having engaged in sexual acts with the cousin, who was close in age to her; that she
While the People were not required to turn the police report over to the defense, and indeed may have been legally barred by
In short, as Johnson directs, “[t]he prosecution need not do anything in these circumstances beyond providing to the defense any information it has regarding what the records might contain . . . .” There, it was enough for the prosecutor to “inform[] the defense of what the police department had informed it.” (Johnson, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 721-722.) Here, the People should have apprised the defense, at minimum, of the fact that the OPD report contained potential impeachment material pertaining to Doe 2. Had it done so, defense counsel would have been able to make an informed decision, once it became clear that the prosecutor intended to call Doe 2 as a propensity witness and the court granted its motion to do so, whether to seek a continuance to waive Stewart‘s speedy trial right so as to ensure the defense received the impeachment material from the juvenile court in time to use it at trial.
” ’ “The suppression of substantial material evidence bearing on the credibility of a key prosecution witness is a denial of due process within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment.” ’ ” (People v. Gutierrez (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 343, 348.) Here, the prosecution suppressed evidence bearing on the credibility of a key witness, namely, Doe 2. To prevail on his Brady claim, Stewart must also show the information in the police report was “material” within the meaning of Brady.
Our Supreme Court discussed the standard for Brady materiality in In re Brown (1998) 17 Cal.4th 873 (Brown). “[I]n Kyles [v. Whitley (1995) 514 U.S. 419], the court reemphasized four aspects articulated in United States v. Bagley [1985] 473 U.S. 667, critical to proper analysis of Brady error. First, ‘[a]lthough the constitutional duty is triggered by the potential impact of favorable but undisclosed evidence, a showing of materiality does not require demonstration by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the defendant‘s acquittal (whether based on the presence of reasonable doubt or acceptance of an explanation for the crime that does not inculpate the defendant). [Citations.] Bagley‘s touchstone of materiality is a “reasonable probability” of a different result, and the adjective is important. The question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. [Citation.]7
“Second, ‘it is not a sufficiency of evidence test. A defendant need not demonstrate that after discounting the inculpatory evidence in light of the undisclosed evidence, there would not have been enough left to convict. The possibility of an acquittаl on a criminal charge does not imply an insufficient evidentiary basis to convict. One does not show a Brady violation by demonstrating that some of the inculpatory evidence should have been excluded, but by showing that the favorable evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.’ [Citation.]
“Fourth, while the tendency and force of undisclosed evidence is evaluated item by item, its cumulative effect for purposes of materiality must be considered collectively.” (Brown, supra, 17 Cal.4th at pp. 886-887.)
Doe 2, regarding whom the evidence was suppressed, was the victim not of the charged offenses but of other offenses by Stewart that the People used to show his propensity to commit sexual offenses. To assess the materiality of the suppressed information, we will begin by assessing the importance of Doe 2‘s testimony at trial. We will then consider the impeachment value of the information concerning Doe 2‘s prior allegations of sexual abuse. Finally, we will evaluate the degree to which the denial of access to the impeachment information to the defense undermines our confidence in the fairness of Stewart‘s trial.
There is no question that the most important witness at the trial was Doe 1, the victim of the sexual molestation for which Stewart wаs on trial. As we have discussed, she testified about Stewart‘s sexual acts at length. Besides her testimony, there was corroborating evidence, including her mother‘s and sister‘s testimony about the changes in her affect and behavior after the incident, a nurse‘s testimony that a SART exam showed tears and redness in her hymen that were consistent with the assault Doe 1 described and, as we will further discuss, Doe 2‘s testimony about Stewart‘s sexual abuse perpetrated on her.
Doe 1‘s credibility was challenged to some degree by the defense because of discrepancies between Doe 1‘s statements at various times (her statements to her mother, a police officer, the SART examiner and the forensic interviewer, and her testimony at the preliminary hearing and at trial). The cross-examination also focused on her failure to yell or run away or kick Stewart during the alleged assault, her return to the living room to sit next to him later that evening, her choice to spend the following day with Stewart and his family, and her failure to tell anyone about the assault promptly after it occurred. The defense also drew attention to Doe 1‘s testimony during the preliminary hearing and statements to others that she had “blacked out” during the incident.
After cross-examination, a juror asked the court how the jury should handle inconsistencies between the preliminary hearing transcript and Doe 1‘s trial testimony and sought clarification about “the nature of [Stewart‘s] penis
Doe 2 was probably the second most important witness.9 Her testimony provided powerful corroboration of Doe 1‘s testimony by demonstrating Stewart had a propensity to sexually assault younger girls.
We have already summarized Doe 2‘s testimony that Stewart pressured her to orally copulate him, sodomized her, and digitally penetrated her vagina when she was 11 years old, and asked her to orally copulate him, grabbed her breasts and put his mouth on them when she was 14. Not only did the People call Doe 2, they called two additional witnesses to buttress her testimony and to address Doe 2‘s failure to report the incidents until years after they occurred and her failure to report some of Stewart‘s alleged acts until shortly before trial. Doe 2‘s mother testified about why she did not report Stewart‘s alleged abuse of Doe 2 to the police. The investigating officer, Rivera, testified about Doe 2‘s fearful and embarrassed demeanor during Rivera‘s interview of her, apparently to explain her admitted failure to report to police that on the first ocсasion Stewart had touched her vagina, attempted to sodomize her and put his penis into her mouth a second time.10 The investigator also explained why there was no forensic interview of Doe 2 regarding Stewart‘s alleged assaults.
Doe 2 was prominently featured in both the People‘s opening statement and their closing arguments. In her opening statement, the prosecutor described in some detail Doe 2‘s anticipated trial testimony that Stewart sexually abused her. The prosecutor‘s closing began with both Doe 1 and Doe 2 and ended with both of them and contained many references to Doe 2. The prosecutor began her closing this way:
“Two girls who harbored a shameful secret, sexual assault. Two girls whose words of no meant nothing to the defendant. Two girls who were younger and smaller than him. And, ladies and gentlemen, that is why we have been here for the past few weeks, because of these two young girls.” (Italics added.) The prosecutor ended her rebuttal by reminding the jurors that a defendant
can be convicted of a sexual assault crime “based on only one witness,” but “we don‘t have that in this case. We have all of these other individuals and all of this other evidence to show you beyond a reasonable doubt that not only was [Doe 1] victimized by the defendant, but so was [Doe 2] and that the defendant has propensity to commit these sex crimes. . . . [¶] And when you‘re [Doe 2], the horror of all that is coming up in here and telling strangers the first time, two different sexual assaults on two different days that this defendant committed for the first time in front of a room full of strangers. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] Ladies and gentlemen, the end of all of this, this evidence, all of the testimony that you have heard from [Doe 1] and [Doe 2] is clear, and when you go back in that deliberation room, I am asking you to use each piece of evidence from the 923 form to [Doe 2‘s] uncharged acts showing the defendant‘s propensity to commit sex crimes to the other witnesses who corroborate the circumstantial evidence, to [Doe 1‘s] own words, and put all of that together in a respectful way so that you can look at each of these verdict forms as to Count One, Count Two and Count Three and you deliver verdicts of guilty based on all the evidence.” (Italics added.)11
In short, Doe 2 was a key witness for the prosecution. Not surprisingly, jurors asked a number of questions about her during the trial, such as, “Is any investigation being carried on [Doe 2‘s] case independent of [Doe 1‘s] case?” and, “When did [Doe 2] first report her sexual encounter with the defendant[?]” During deliberations, the jury requested a copy of a stipulation about Doe 2‘s recount of events and asked, “When was the first mention of sodomy by [Doe 2] (to her mom/police/DA etc.)?”
Turning to the suppressed information about Doe 2, its potential impeachment value to the defense, or lack thereof, is a critical aspect of materiality. As we have already explained, the CPS repоrt and the police report outlined sexual conduct between Doe 2 and a cousin other than Stewart who was a year older than her (referred to as “Cousin D“). The sexual acts began when she was eight or nine years old and continued at least until she was 11. It included acts that were the same or similar to those she accused Stewart of having committed when she was 11, namely oral copulation, vaginal penetration and sodomy. Similar to her allegations regarding Stewart, she told the investigator she had not resisted Cousin D‘s sexual abuse (in his case because he had threatened to tell her mother). She also said her brother had caught her engaging in sexual acts with Cousin D twice. Her brother and Cousin D told the investigator that Doe 2 was a willing participant, and Cousin D admitted
Stewart argues this suppressed information would have provided “fertile areas” for impeachment of Doe 2. In particular, he contends, defense counsel could have used the timing and content of the reporting about Cousin D to suggest Doe 2 had “confabulated the incidents with [Stewart] after hearing the allegations made by [Doe 1] because it triggered her own unresolved trauma.” “She stated she did not tell the police the entire story because ‘memories were still coming back to me’ at the time of her interview in December of 2016. What memories were coming back to her? Were they those with cousin ‘D’ or [Stewart]?” The acts Doe 2 accused Stewart of committing were very similar to those she had reported regarding Cousin D, namely, oral copulation, vaginal penetration and sodomy.
This evidence could have been particularly powerful because Doe 2 or her mother reported the incidents with Cousin D in 2012, when Doe 2 was 11 years old, which was her age at the time appellant allegedly induced her to orally copulate him, rubbed her vagina with his fingers and put his penis in her “butt.” Yet neither she nor her mother reported Stewart‘s alleged abuse in 2012 or at all, until four years later, and only after they heard about Doe 1‘s allegations. Further, even when she did report it in 2016, she reported oral copulation, but not vaginal touching or sodomy. She testified she did not report the entire story to police “[b]ecause the memories were still coming back to [her].” The defense could have argued, with some force, that Doe 2 and her mother did not report the alleged abuse by Stewart—even though, near in time to when she said he first abused her, they reportеd similar abuse by Cousin D—because the alleged abuse by Stewart never happened. The defense could have suggested she was either confusing one cousin with the other or not being truthful. Jurors might have been inclined to question Doe 2‘s memory or credibility, given the degree of similarity between her claims of abuse by Stewart and those she had made earlier about her other cousin.12
At oral argument, defense counsel suggested an additional way Stewart‘s trial counsel could have used for impeachment purposes the conflict between Doe 2‘s 2012 claims of ongoing abuse by Cousin D and her 2016 report to police. In 2016, the only sexual abuse Doe 2 initially reported to police by anyone other than Stewart involved a stranger at her cousin Jeremy‘s house,13 and this account “differed significantly” from her 2012 report of molestation by Cousin D, who she alleged committed acts “remarkably similar” to those she alleged against Stewart. These two previous claims made by Doe 2 could have affected her credibility if defense counsel had elicited from her that the stranger incident was something she fabricated rather than revealing the incidents with Cousin D. Alternatively, if she omitted to tell police in 2016 about the latter incidents, the defense could have suggested she was dishonest. Or finally, if she had testified that all three allegations of abuse, against the stranger, cousin D and Stewart, had in fact occurred, the defense could have argued she had a pattern of making such allegations and that none of them were credible.
Yet another way in which the defense could have used the suppressed evidence to challenge Doe 2‘s credibility concerns her testimony implying she had not previously experienced sexual activity. For example, when asked “how did the area of your vagina feel as that was happening?” she responded, “I was new to it, so it felt weird.” Yet the suppressed CPS report indicates she accused Cousin D of vaginal penetration on multiple occasions. She testified that when Stewart‘s penis was in her mouth during the first incident, she felt “kind of confused and afraid.” She “didn‘t know what was going on” “[be]cause at that age I didn‘t know anything about stuff like that.” She testified that when defendant asked her to orally copulate him again when she was 14 and she told him “no,” she felt “scared,” and when he sucked on her breast, she “started to cry.” Yet, according to the CPS report and OPD report, she had previously reported orally copulating Cousin D on several occasions and being caught by her brother doing so. The defense could have used the evidence of her prior sexual activity, coupled with the evidence that she
We do not mean to suggest by the foregoing discussion that Doe 2 was untruthful at trial. It is not within the scope of our role as an appellate court to assess witness credibility, and we do not do so here. Our point is simply that the juvenile records pertaining to Doe 2 that the prosecutor suppressed and that the defense received only after the trial concluded could have been used by the defense to raise questions about her credibility.
The People characterize Doe 2 as a “collateral witness” and argue that even if the jury had found her not credible, Stewart‘s “guilt was . . . firmly established by other evidence.” We cannot agree. Certainly, the evidence, even without Doe 2, would have been sufficient to sustain the verdict. But that is not the test. “The possibility of an acquittal on a criminal charge does not imply an insufficient evidentiary basis to convict.” (In re Brown, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 887.) Doe 1‘s testimony along with other evidence at trial was not so strong that rational jurors could not have found reasonable doubt. Further, the People argued in their motion to admit Doe 2‘s testimony that her testimony was “powerful evidence of [Stewart‘s] propensity to commit sexual crimes against the victim[] in this case” and “highly relevant in showing that he sexually assaulted [Doe 1].” (Italics added.) And indeed it was.
If the jury had found Doe 2 not credible and rejected her testimony altogether, it would have had to rely on Doe 1‘s testimony and the other, weaker, corroborating evidence alone. To be sure, that evidence was sufficient to support the conviction, but that is not the relevant question. Rather, the question is whether in the absence of the suppressed impeachment evidence, Stewart received a fair trial, that is, a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.
We cannot say that he did. Propensity evidence was excluded for three centuries under the common law “not because it has no appreciable probative value, but because it has too much.” (People v. Alcala (1984) 36 Cal.3d 604, 631.) In 1995, the Legislature adopted