93 N.Y.S. 1026 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1905
The defendants are indicted on two charges of subornation of perjury. The charges were brought before the grand jury in the first instance without a preliminary hearing before a magistrate. The defendants now move to inspect the minutes of testimony, given before the grand jury, upon which the indictments ' are based! Inspection is sought, as stated in the moving affidavits, preliminary to a motion to dismiss the indictments, and also as suggested in the argument of counsel to enable the defendants to prepare for trial.
Motions of .this character have become so common in practice in recent years that it may not be amiss to examine at some length and to define as near as may be the power of the court to grant this form of relief.
The practice of preserving a written record of the proceedings before a grand jury, including minutes of the testimony, did not prevail at common law.
The courts uniformly refused bail after indictment for murder for the reason that the lack of a written record of the , testimony upon which the indictment was founded, and the secrecy imposed upon the jurors by their oaths made it impossible for the court to look into the evidence upon which
In the revision of the statutes of this State in 1827-1828 we find the first statutory provision for the keeping of a written record. It was there enacted that “ Every grand jury may appoint one of their number to be a clerk thereof, to preserve minutes of their proceedings and of the evidence given before them; which minutes shall be delivered to the district-attorney of the county, when so directed by the grand jury.” 2 R. S. (1st ed.) 724, § 30.
The revisers’ note states the purpose of this provision as follows: “ A clerk has been found in practice very useful; his minutes frequently prevent mistakes and enable the district-attorney to draw an indictment according to the facts. It is left discretionary with the jury in the above section, but it is believed it ought to be required.” 3 R. S. (2d ed.) 844, note.
It is apparent from the revisers’ note that this provision for a written record was designed principally as an aid and convenience of the district attorney. However, the courts very soon assumed the right to look into the minutes to determine whether bail should be allowed after indictment for murder. People v. Van Horne, 8 Barb. 158; People v. Baker, 10 How. Pr. 567; People v. Hyler, 2 Park. Cr. 570. The courts likewise assumed to have such control of the minutes as to permit an inspection thereof by the defendant. People v. Naughton, 38 How. Pr. 430; Eighmy v. People, 79 N. Y. 560; People v. Bellows, 1 How. Pr. (N. S.) 149. In none of these cases, however, did the court exercise the power, and I can find no reported case where such an inspection was granted prior to the statute authorizing a stenographic record of the testimony given before grand juries, which will be hereafter referred to.
The provision of the Eevised Statutes above quoted remained in force until the adoption of the Criminal Code in 1881, when it was incorporated, substantially, in section 250 of that Code. In 1885 the Legislature enacted a statute (chap. 348)—- which in substance is still in force — designed to obtain and preserve in more complete form the
Here we have the first statutory recognition of the control of the court over the written record of the proceedings before a grand jury. Before this statute the courts had and since its enactment have uniformly declared that inspection is not accorded as a matter of right, but as a matter of judicial discretion. Except for the privilege of inspection of the written record as a matter of judicial discretion, every rule of secrecy surrounding the testimony given to the grand jury, which prevailed at common law, is preserved in our statutes. The jurors’ oath, substituting the People of the State for the King, is precisely in the same language. 4 Chitty Crim. Law, 183; Crim. Code, §§ 245, 246.
As at common law so now by statute, it is a criminal offense for a grand juror to disclose the evidence adduced before the-grand jury, except when lawfully required by a court or officer. 4 Black. Comm. 126; Penal Code, § 157.
The cases in which a grand juror may be required to disclose the testimony of a witness are substantially the same. 1 Chitty Crim. Law, 317; 3 R. S. (2d ed.), 844, note; Crim. Code, § 266.
The introduction of a stenographer into the work of the grand jury was followed by the enactment of a statute making it a misdemeanor for him to disclose the evidence given to the grand jury, except on written order of the court. Penal Code, § 157a. (Added 1893.)
Each of these reasons concerns itself with the due administration of justice and the proper enforcement of the criminal law, and is as potent to-day as when first formulated.
Upon what grounds then shall the court, having in view the long-established principle of secrecy, and the reasons upon which it is grounded, disclose this testimony to a defendant ? It is suggested that the power should be exercised to enable a defendant to prepare for trial.
The fundamental rule governing discovery in civil actions is that it must be confined to facts which are material to the applicant’s cause of action or defense, and that it does not enable him to pry into his adversary’s case, or find out the evidence by which that case will be supported. 1 Pom. Eq. Juris., § 201. The Code provisions relating to discovery are merely a substitute for the ancient bill of discovery in Chancery. Glenney v. Stedwell, 64 N. Y. 120. Thus the practice in civil causes affords no analogy to support the claim that the prosecution should be required to disclose to the defense the evidence upon which it expects to prove the charge made in the indictment.
A defendant is entitled to know'the precise nature of the accusation he is called upon to meet, and the court undoubt
If the testimony is to be disclosed to enable the defendant to prepare for trial, then the right of inspection follows as a matter of course, and the principle of secrecy preserved in our statutes is swept away by judicial fiat.
The only substantial ground upon which a motion of this character can be entertained is to enable the defendant to move to set aside the indictment upon one or more of the grounds permissible by law. This was the conslusion reached by Recorder Smyth in People v. Jaehne, 4 N. Y. Crim. 161, and People v. Richmond, 5 id. 97.
We are thus brought to consider the grounds upon which a defendant may move to quash an indictment.
The statutory provisions upon this subject are embraced in sections 668 and 313'of the Criminal Code. ■ The former section authorizes a dismissal of the indictment for failure to prosecute and can have no relevancy to the subject in hand. Section 313 provides that: “The indictment must be set aside by the court in which the defendant is arraigned, and upon his motion, in either of the following cases, but in no other:
“ 1. When it is not found, indorsed and presented as prescribed in sections two hundred and sixty-eight and two hundred and seventy-two.
“ 2. When a person has been permitted to be present during the session of the grand jury, while the charge embraced in the indictment was under consideration, except as provided in sections two. hundred and sixty-two, two hundred and sixty-three and two hundred and sixty-four.”
Botwithstanding the mandatory provision of .this section that a motion to dismiss can be made only upon the grounds therein specified, the Court of Appeals in the recent case of People v. Glen, 173 N. Y. 395, holds that the court has the inherent power . “ to set aside indictments whenever it appears
Before this decision the courts had exercised such power where there was no evidence before the grand jury to sustain the charge (People v. Restenblatt, 1 Abb. Pr. 268; People v. Price, 6 N. Y. Crim. 141), where a witness who gave testimony was not sworn (U. S. v. Coolidge, 2 Gall. 363), where incompetent witnesses gave testimony (People v. Briggs, 60 How. Pr. 17; People v. Moore, 65 id. 177), where the defendant was compelled to be a witness against himself in violation of his constitutional right (People v. Singer, 5 N. Y. Crim. 1; People v. Haines, 6 id. 100), and quite recently where some illegal evidence was received. People v. Molineux, 27 Misc. Rep. 79.
I am in entire accord with such of these cases as hold that an indictment should be set aside when the grand jury has compelled a defendant to testify before it in violation of his constitutional rights, or when there is no competent testimony before it to sustain the charge.
I cannot reconcile myself to the soundness of the cases which decide that the court is authorized to review the sufficiency of the evidence upon which the indictment is based. This is in effect substituting the judgment of the court for that of the grand jury, and thus destroying the character of that body as an independent judicial institution.
Mor do I approve of the principle laid down in some of the above cases that, assuming there is sufficient competent evidence to “sustain the charge, the court has the power to determine whether some illegal evidence which has been received has not improperly influenced the finding of an indictment. The latter ruling applies the principle adopted by the appellate courts in reviewing a judgment of conviction and entirely loses sight of the fact that the grand jury is an investigating and accusing body against whose finding the presumption of innocence still prevails. If these rigid rules are to be applied to the proceedings before a grand jury, its usefulness as an investigating tribunal is greatly impaired.
I take it then that the inherent power of the court to set aside indictments is limited to cases where the indictment is
. Having thus indicated the statutory power and the inherent power of the court to quash indictments, we may proceed to examine the moving papers on this motion to ascertain, whether they indicate that an inspection of the minutes will reveal any legal basis for a motion to dismiss these indictments. What facts are set forth upon which judicial discretion can act? Judicial discretion “ does not mean a wild selfwilfulness which may prompt any and every act; but this judicial discretion is guided by the law — see what the law discloses upon a certain statement of facts and then decide in accordance with the law — so as to do substantially equity and justice.” Lord Coke, cited in Faber v. Bruner, 13 Mo. 543:
It is claimed by the defendant Steinliardt in his moving affidavit that three persons were “ in attendance at the grand jury ” which reported these indictments, whose names do not appear indorsed as witnesses on the indictments, and it is urged that they were improperly present within the meaning of subdivision 2 of section 313 of the Criminal Code above set forth. The affidavit of the prosecuting attorney states that one of these persons was examined as a witness; that another was not before the grand jury, and that the third was a defendant indicted jointly with these defendants on another charge growing out of some of the matters set forth in this indictment. It is not alleged in the moving affidavits that any of these persons was present when the jurors were expressing their opinions, or voting upon the question of finding a bill, or even when other witnesses were testifying, and there is nothing to indicate that they were present in any other capacity than as witnesses, except the mere omission of
This disposes of the only claim made in this case of the existence of an error which would authorize a motion to dismiss the indictments on statutory grounds.
The next inquiry is whether the moving papers rendered it probable that a disclosure of the- testimony will show that the indictments were found without evidence, or that the constitutional right of the defendant not to be compelled to be a witness against himself was violated.
The indictments charge in substance that the defendants procured one Charles F. Dodge to testify falsely concerning certain material matters in a proceeding instituted in this court by said Dodge to vacate a judgment of divorce theretofore rendered against him in favor of one Clemence Dodge, and to make certain false statments in an affidavit which was used in said proceeding. Indorsed upon each indictment are the names of the following persons as witnesses, viz.: David May, A. H. Kaffenburgh, Nathaniel Cohen, A. N. Jacobson, J. J. Canavan, Abraham II. Hummel, Charles F. Dodge, Thomas C. Thompson, M. S. Lott, Ernest T. Hall, G. A. Vail and James E. Keese.
It appears that the witnesses May, Kaffenburgh and Cohen are connected Avith the law firm of the defendants, and that the witness Jacobson was formerly in the employ of the firm, and the affidavits of these persons are included in the moving papers and set forth in substance their testimony before the grand jury, from which it would appear they gave no testimony connecting the defendants with the crime charged.
The defendant Hummel in his affidavit avers that aside from his OAvn testimony and the testimony of the four witnesses last above referred to as set forth in their said affidavits he has no knoAvledge as to the testimony and proceedings before the grand jury.
The position of the defendant Hummel on this branch of the case reduces itself to this: I have communicated with some of the witnesses, who inform me that they gave no testimony substantiating this charge against me, and I gave none myselff Certain other witnesses were sworn, of whose testimony I am ignorant. I would like to know what their testimony is “ to take such action * * * as will properly serve and protect my interests.”
The attitude of Steinhardt on this phase of the case may be summarized thus: Some of the witnesses swear they gave no testimony connecting mo with these charges. As to the other witnesses I do‘ not know them, but I am informed and believe (by whom he is informed and upon what he grounds his belief are not shown) that no witness other than Dodge gave any evidence to sustain the charges against me, and therefore there was no sufficient evidence to support, these indictments; and I desire to see what testimony they gave to determine whether a prima fa,cie case was established. So we are confronted with the proposition whether the ignorance of the defendant as to the testimony' upon which the grand jury acted and his belief, or to put it more exactly his surmise, that it is insufficient in law, furnish a basis for
If that proposition holds true then the disclosure of the testimony becomes substantially a matter of right, because there is no case in which the defendant could not furnish the same basis for the court’s action. It has been suggested that the initiation of the charge before the grand jury without a preliminary hearing before a magistrate is an important, if not controlling, circumstances in granting motions of this, character. People v. Molineux, 27 Misc. Rep. 60; People v. Foody, 38 id. 357; People v. Proskey, 32 id. 367.
I cannot conceive why it should be. There is no presumption that the indictment was based on the same evidence as that which was submitted to the magistrate. The evidence may be less satisfying or more satisfying. There is no law compelling the grand jury to hear all the evidence presented to the magistrate, and none to prevent the grand jury from hearing more evidence. Indeed, under our Criminal Code the evidence to warrant an indictment is required to be stronger in degree than that which will authorize a holding to answer by a committing magistrate. See Crim. Code, §§ 208, 258.
As the sole ground for motions of this character is to enable the defendant to move to set aside the indictment for the reasons hereinbefore stated, it is difficult to understand how the holding of a preliminary hearing, or its omission, can have any legitimate bearing in determining the right of inspection.
The remaining inquiry is whether the moving papers indicate that either defendant was compelled to be a witness against himself in violation of his constitutional right.
The defendant Steinhardt in his affidavit states that some of the matters referred to in these indictments were under investigation by a previous grand jury; that he appeared (not that- he was subpoenaed) before it and gave testimony concerning the same; that he believes that the witness Keese,
The affidavit of assistant district attorney Hand concedes that Steinhardt did appear before and give testimony to the prior grand jury, and that Keese testified before' the grand jury which found the indictments to some of the statements' so made by the said defendant to the prior grand jury. Band further avers that “ These statements, however, were voluntarily made after the witness Steinhardt had been informed that any statements he made to the grand jury might be used against him, and that he was not under any compulsion to answer any question which might tend to incriminate him, and after the witness Steinhardt had stated that he understood that to be so.”
There is nothing in either affidavit to indicate whether his attendance before the grand jury, as distinguished from his testimony to them, was voluntary or by compulsion of a subpoena, hut I am inclined to indulge in the presumption — for the purposes of this motion — that his attendance was upon Subpoena in the usual way. It has been held that the constitutional right of a defendant not to be compelled to be a witness against himself is violated when he is required to appear before a grand jury even though he is informed of his right to refuse to testify, before giving his testimony. People v. Singer, 18 Abb. N. C. 96. Without indicating my views as to whether such use of Steinhardt’s testimony Was an invasion of his constitutional right, I am of the opinion that he is entitled to know with certainty just what Keese testified to, that he may move to quash the indictment because of the use of such testimony, if so advised.
It appears from the affidavit of Hummel that he was subpoenaed to appear, and in response to such subpoena did appear before the grand jury which found these indictments, and was interrogated and did give some testimony concerning the matters alleged in the indictments, and his name appears as a witness indorsed on the indictments, and his
The affidavit of Mr. Rand replying to these allegations states: “ Abraham H. Hummel, the defendant named in the indictment, was subpoenaed to appear before the grand jury on the 5th day of January, 1905. Before being sworn the said Hummel asked to be informed of the nature of the proceeding, of the purpose of the investigation and the names of the parties against whom it was directed. In reply to this request the said Hummel was informed that the object of the proceeding was to ascertain what persons, if any, were privy to the commission of the crime of perjury committed by Charles F. Dodge, and what persons, if any, had conspired to deceive the Supreme Court of this county and subvert the administration of the law. Being asked if he was then fully informed as to the object of the investigation, the said Hummel answered ‘ Yes.’
“ The witness having been sworn was then asked what services he had rendered for any person in the action of Clemence Dodge against Charles F. Dodge, and thereupon refused to answer the question upon the ground that the answer might tend to incriminate him. The witness was also asked whether or not he had received any money from-any person whatsoever for services rendered in the divorce action of Clemence Dodge against Charles F. Dodge. In answer to this question the witness stated that he did receive money. Being asked from whom, he declined to answer upon the ground that it,might incriminate him.”
In another affidavit used on this motion Rand says: “ That the name of Abraham H. Hummel is endorsed upon the back of the indictment for the reason that the indictment is a joint one against both Hummel and Benjamin Steinhardt; that the district-attorney expressly cautioned and advised the grand jury that the evidence given by . Abraham H.
I am not called upon to determine whether the use of Hummel as a witness was, under the circumstances, such a violation of his constitutional right a’s vitiates the indictments against him. It is clear, however, that he is entitled to know just what the grand jury minutes show regarding his testimony, and the proceedings before the grand jury respecting it, in order that he may make subsequently, if so advised, a motion to set aside the indictment on the ground that he Avas compelled to be a witness against himself.
Within the limits indicated, therefore, inspection is allowed in this case, but otherwise the motion is denied.
It may be said that the rules governing the right of inspection of grand jury minutes here laid down, in their practical application, confine that privilege Avithin narroAV bounds. An all-sufficient answer to that suggestion is that the privilege itself is extraordinary and should only be accorded in exceptional cases.
While the courts should jealously safeguard the personal liberty of the individual, they should not go so far in that direction as to render inefficient the administration of the criminal law.
An order may be entered permitting the defendant Steinhardt to inspect the testimony given by the witness Keese, and permitting the defendant Hummel to inspect his own testimony, and the proceedings of the grand jury respecting such testimony, and denying this motion in all other respects.
Ordered accordingly.