110 A.D.2d 214 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1985
OPINION OF THE COURT
The defendant stands convicted of assault in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child for having intentionally immersed her two-year-old daughter in a tub of scalding
On the morning of August 12, 1982, Mrs. Christine Stevens, defendant’s mother-in-law, received a telephone call from defendant informing her that she had found an empty aspirin bottle on the floor and had noticed that the skin on her two-year-old daughter Tonya’s hand was peeling off. Mrs. Stevens’ son, defendant’s husband, Charles Sims, was in the United States Army stationed in Germany at the time. Mrs. Stevens advised the defendant to give the child warm milk, put grease on her hand and take her to the hospital. Defendant telephoned Mrs. Stevens again later that morning and told her that she had taken Tonya to Brookdale Hospital where doctors had given the child a tetanus shot and put vaseline on her hand. She stated that pursuant to the doctor’s instructions, she had taken the child home.
Between 12:00 and 1:00 that same afternoon, defendant brought Tonya and her other daughter, three-year-old Keesha, to Mrs. Stevens’ apartment. The visit had previously been arranged in order that defendant, who was pregnant, could attend a prenatal medical appointment at Brookdale Hospital. When the defendant and her children arrived, Mrs. Stevens noticed that skin was hanging from Tonya’s left hand and when the child’s shoes and socks were removed, she saw that she had no skin on her feet. Defendant assured Mrs. Stevens that she had taken Tonya to the hospital. Later, after the defendant had left for the doctor’s appointment, Mrs. Stevens removed Tonya’s diaper and discovered that the skin had been burned off the child’s buttocks as well. Mrs. Stevens called her family doctor who told her to immediately bring the child to his office. After examining the child, the doctor summoned an ambulance and the child was taken to Brookdale Hospital.
According to Doctor Peter Vaccaro, who examined Tonya in the emergency room at Brookdale Hospital, the child had sustained first, second and third degree burns on her feet, buttocks
Dr. Vaccaro also testified that had Tonya’s injuries been left untreated, she would have faced a serious risk of death from infection and shock. Dr. Cohen further testified that as a result of the burns, Tonya, who had already undergone three skin graft operations and had lost eight toes due to gangrene, would be forced to undergo additional operations and would suffer pain for the rest of her life. Photographs which were taken of Tonya on the day she was brought to the emergency room revealed that, in addition to her burns, she had a scratch behind her ear which was less than a week old and a number of healed scars on her face, chin, arm and legs. According to Dr. Vaccaro, the scars on her legs appeared to have been as a result of her having been struck with a belt.
Jane Askel, a pediatric social worker at Brookdale Hospital who had been assigned to Tonya’s case, testified that she had spoken with the defendant on the day after the child had been brought to the hospital and that defendant had told her that when she awakened the day before she had heard water running in the bathroom sink. Later that morning, while dressing Tonya, defendant claimed that she noticed some peeling on Tonya’s
Evidence was introduced which established that, contrary to defendant’s statements to Mrs. Stevens and Ms. Askel, Tonya had not been treated at either Brookdale Hospital or at the Bristol Street Clinic on the morning in question. According to the hospital records, Tonya was not admitted to Brookdale Hospital until later that afternoon.
On August 18, 1982, several days after Tonya’s admission to Brookdale Hospital, Detective Dennis Mulloy accompanied Mrs. Stevens and Tonya’s sister, Keesha, to the emergency room at the hospital. Keesha was examined by Dr. Gregory Menken, who had also examined Tonya at the time of her admission. In the course of his examination of Keesha, Dr. Menken discovered numerous scars on her body. In his opinion, while some of the scars might have resulted from typical childhood accidents, a number of the scars and lesions on Keesha’s back, wrists and ankles had been deliberately inflicted.
According to Detective Mulloy, during the course of Dr. Menken’s examination of Keesha, defendant arrived at the emergency room and he asked if he could speak to her. He stated that they then stepped into a nearby office, accompanied by another police officer and that before questioning defendant, he advised her of her Miranda rights which she waived. Mulloy testified that defendant then stated that on the morning of August 12, 1982, she had fed and dressed her children before taking them to Mrs. Stevens’ house and did not notice anything wrong with Tonya at that time.
After speaking with Detective Mulloy, defendant also spoke briefly with Dr. Menken and, according to his testimony, she seemed to be very concerned about the age of the scars found on Keesha’s body. She repeatedly inquired as to whether they were recent. She told him that she and her husband used to beat the children and that they had inflicted the old scars but had not done anything recently. According to Dr. Menken, several of the injuries were only a few.months old, others had occurred approximately six months earlier, and still others were about one year old. The following day, August 19, 1982, Detective Mulloy arrested defendant.
Defendant testified in her own behalf. She claimed that when she awoke on the morning of August 12,1982, the children were laughing and that when she dressed Tonya she did not notice any injuries. She later called her mother-in-law to tell her that she was on her way over with the children. She specifically denied telling Mrs. Stevens either that Tonya’s skin was peeling or that she had taken her to Brookdale Hospital. After dropping the children off at Mrs. Stevens’ apartment and speaking briefly with everyone in the apartment, defendant stated that she left for her prenatal checkup. Following her appointment, she said that she had called Mrs. Stevens’ apartment and was told that Tonya had been brought to the emergency room. When she reached the emergency room, Mrs. Stevens told her that she had noticed that Tonya’s skin was peeling when she went to change her diaper. According to defendant, Mrs. Stevens informed her at that time that she had been told by Keesha that while she and Tonya were playing in the bathtub she, Keesha, had turned on the hot water. Defendant claimed that Keesha later admitted this to her as well. Defendant also asserted, contrary to Detective Mulloy’s testimony, that she told him at the hospital that Keesha had caused Tonya’s injuries. She also denied telling anyone at the hospital that she and her husband had beaten the children, claiming that her husband was solely responsible for those beatings. Defendant also explained that the death of her first child had been an accident which occurred when she tripped and dropped the baby while attempting to evade her husband who was assaulting her.
During cross-examination, defendant could not recall having given several versions to the police initially and to the court thereafter at the time of her manslaughter plea as to how her first child’s death had occurred. Nor could she recall the infant’s having suffered a fracture of her upper right arm prior to her death. She did admit, however, that the infant had received two separate fractures on her left arm prior to her death. Defendant also admitted that a social worker who visited her reported in March 1982 that Keesha had a red mark on her forehead and a bruise mark on her cheek. In May of 1982 the social worker reported that Tonya had a red blotch in her eye, a laceration on the left side of her face, and one of her fingers had been smashed
At the conclusion of its deliberations, the jury returned a verdict finding defendant guilty of assault in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child. She was thereafter sentenced as a predicate felon to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 73/2 to 15 years on the assault charge and 1 year on the endangering the welfare of a child charge.
On this appeal, defendant raises a number of issues. Firstly, she contends that the trial court erred in permitting the People to introduce evidence relating to other injuries to Tonya and Keesha and to her conviction for attempted manslaughter in the second degree in connection with the death of her first child.
It is axiomatic that evidence of uncharged crimes is inadmissible in a criminal proceeding where its sole purpose is to show a predisposition to commit the crime charged (People v Allweiss, 48 NY2d 40; People v Dales, 309 NY 97). The rule is intended to avoid the possibility that a jury, although not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of a defendant’s guilt of the crime charged, may nevertheless convict that defendant as punishment for his or her past conduct (People v Fiore, 34 NY2d 81; People v Zackowitz, 254 NY 192; People v Molineux, 168 NY 264). It is equally well established, however, that evidence otherwise relevant to prove some material fact is not rendered inadmissible merely because it reveals that a defendant has committed another crime (People v Molineux, supra). Evidence of other crimes may be found relevant to prove motive (People v Vails, 43 NY2d 364), intent (People v Schwartzman, 24 NY2d 241, cert denied 396 US 846), the absence of mistake or accident (People v Dales, supra), a common scheme or plan (People v Jackson, 39 NY2d 64), or the identity of the guilty party (People v Allweiss, supra). Nevertheless, even where evidence of the other crimes is found to be relevant to one of these issues and therefore generally admissible, it is still necessary to weigh its probative value against its possible prejudicial effect. Where the probative value is slight in comparison to a great potential for prejudice, the evidence should not be admitted (People v McKinney, 24 NY2d 180; People v Liller, 20 NY2d 727).
Prior to the trial in the instant case, the prosecutor made an offer of proof as to defendant’s prior conviction in connection
In People v Henson (33 NY2d 63), the Court of Appeals recognized that in a criminal case involving charges of child abuse, evidence of prior injuries to the child is relevant to negate a defense of accident or mistake (see, People v McNeeley, 77 AD2d 205; People v Kinder, 75 AD2d 34; People v Santoro, 68 AD2d 939). The admission of such evidence, the court noted, “is especially warranted in cases such as the one before us, where the crime charged has occurred in the privacy of the home and the facts are not easily unraveled” (People v Henson, supra, at p 72; People v McNeeley, supra, at p 211; see also, United States v Woods, 484 F2d 127, cert denied 415 US 979; State v Silva, 153 Me 89, 98-99, 134 A2d 628). So, too, in the case at bar, the incident occurred in the privacy of defendant’s apartment with no one present other than her two infant daughters. The circumstantial evidence concerning prior injuries to the children was necessary to establish the People’s theory of the case and to rebut the defendant’s version of what had occurred. Thus, it was sufficiently established that the introduction of the evidence of prior injuries was for a relevant purpose directly related to the issues in the case and not for the collateral purpose of showing a propensity on the part of defendant to commit the crimes charged. In balancing the probative value of this evidence against its potential prejudice to defendant, we agree with Criminal Term that the circumstances tipped the scales in favor of its admission.
Nor does the absence of proof that the prior injuries to Keesha and Tonya were inflicted by defendant rather than their being accidental preclude the admission of this evidence. The theory on which the evidence is admitted is that the credibility of defendant’s contention of accidental occurrence diminishes as the number of instances of allegedly accidental injuries increases (People v Henson, supra). Under the circumstances of this case, and particularly in light of the theory of the defense that the injuries to Tonya were caused accidentally by defendant’s other daughter, the People were properly permitted to introduce this circumstantial evidence to overcome that defense.
At bar the photographs served a dual purpose. First, those photographs which depicted the burns of the various parts of Tonya’s body served to illustrate the testimony of Dr. Vaccaro regarding the clear line of demarcation between the burned and unburned portions of the skin as opposed to irregular burn marks. This evidence was critical to the prosecution’s theory, based upon expert testimony, that burns of this nature could not have occurred accidentally but were the result of the child being lowered into the scalding liquid and held there for a period of time. Further, the photographs showing scars from prior injuries were corroborative of the medical evidence indicating a history of injuries which, as noted previously, is relevant in a child abuse case to discredit the notion that the present injuries were accidental (People v Henson, supra). Finally, in ruling on the admissibility of the photographs prior to trial, the trial court took efforts to ensure that the prejudice attendant to their admission was minimized. The court precluded the admission of one photograph depicting an expression of pain on Tonya’s face, finding it unnecessarily prejudicial, and refused to allow introduction of all other photographs which it found to be merely cumulative.
Defendant also claims that the People failed to establish her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. Although the People’s case against defendant was based solely upon circumstantial evidence, that evidence was of sufficient quantity and quality to establish her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The inferences to be drawn from the proven facts viewed as a whole excluded to a moral certainty every conclusion but guilt (People v Kennedy, 47 NY2d 196). In reviewing a conviction based solely upon circumstantial evidence of guilt, a reviewing court must exercise strict judicial scrutiny, not because of any inherent weakness in this type of evidence, but to ensure that the jury has not drawn unsupported or unwarranted inferences from the
The evidence reveals that at the time Tonya was brought to the hospital on August 12, her burns were less than 24 hours old. According to defendant’s mother-in-law, the burns had already been inflicted at the time Tonya was brought to her home that afternoon. Thus, if this testimony is credited, the burns were inflicted sometime during the morning of August 12 or during the afternoon or evening of the preceding day. According to defendant’s own testimony, both of the children were laughing when she woke up on the morning of August 12. From this the jury could properly infer that Tonya’s injuries occurred sometime during the morning of August 12 while she was at home with her sister and the defendant. The expert medical testimony offered by the People proved that based upon the pattern in which they occurred, the burns could not have been inflicted accidentally, but rather were the result of someone holding the child and lowering her into the scalding water for a period of at least 20 to 30 seconds.
The final inference to be drawn from the facts is the identity of the perpetrator. The only reasonable inference to be drawn, and that which the jury apparently did in fact draw, was that the perpetrator of these acts was defendant and not her daughter Keesha. Defendant’s theory that her daughter Keesha had been playing in the bathroom with Tonya and had turned on the hot water was controverted by the expert testimony that the pattern of burns was inconsistent with someone having turned the hot water on while Tonya was in the tub. Ruling out an accidental cause, it strains credulity to believe that it was three-year-old Keesha who picked up her sister and held her securely enough to immerse her and hold her in scalding water for a prolonged period. Moreover, the evidence of defendant’s past history of abusing her children, including her admission that she and her husband had beaten the children in the past, established the existence of a pattern of child abuse which tended to negate the credibility of her claim of an accidental cause for the injuries (see, People v Henson, 33 NY2d 63, supra; People v Kinder, 75 AD2d 34, supra). Also to be considered are the various versions of the events on the morning of August 12 given by the defendant in what was apparently an effort to shift the blame for
All of the facts in this case taken together are inconsistent with defendant’s claim of innocence and exclude to a moral certainty every other reasonable hypothesis but guilt (see, People v Levine, supra; People v Way, 59 NY2d 361, supra). In reaching this conclusion, it is important to note again that in cases involving the abuse of very young children, where the crime usually occurs in the privacy of the home, the facts are not easily revealed. And oft times, as here, the case will of necessity turn upon evidence indicating a history of injuries to the child or expert opinion as to the existence of the battered child syndrome which tends to negate the possibility of accident, together with evidence that the child was in the sole custody of a parent (People v Henson, supra, at p 74). Under these circumstances, the proof at bar was sufficient for the jury to infer that Tonya’s injuries were not caused accidentally, but occurred as a result of the actions of her mother, the defendant.
We also reject defendant’s claim that the trial court erred in refusing to declare a mistrial when it was discovered that several jurors had seen a newspaper clipping concerning the case in Detective Mulloy’s file folder while he was testifying. The headline of that clipping read, “Say Mom Scalded Tot”. The decision to grant or deny a motion for a mistrial is one which is within the broad discretion of the trial court (People v Ortiz, 54 NY2d 288; Hall v Potoker, 49 NY2d 501; People v Michael, 48 NY2d 1; People v Genovese, 10 NY2d 478). As it relates to matters affecting juror impartiality, the court’s exercise of its
In the instant case, upon being informed that the newspaper article had been visible during Detective Mulloy’s testimony, the court immediately notified counsel and conducted an examination of the jurors and alternates to determine whether they had seen the article. As a result of that inquiry, it was determined that although a number of jurors either saw the newspaper clipping or were made aware of its existence through discussion with other jurors, only one juror actually read the headline and all were able to state that they could nonetheless confine their deliberations to the evidence. In our view, the court correctly concluded that there was no basis to find that the discussion among the jurors as to the existence of the article amounted to substantial misconduct (CPL 270.35), or that Detective Mulloy’s exposure of the newspaper clipping was done deliberately. In sum, the denial of the motion for a mistrial was not an abuse of discretion.
Defendant’s further claim that her statement to Detective Mulloy at Brookdale Hospital on August 18 was taken in violation of her constitutional rights is also without merit. The hearing court found that defendant, who had appeared at the
Finally, we conclude that none of the other contentions raised by defendant has merit and that she has not shown any reason why the sentence imposed upon her should be reduced in the interest of justice (People v Knowles, 112 AD2d 321; People v Young, 111 AD2d 775).
Accordingly, we conclude that the judgment of conviction should be affirmed.
Mollen, P. J., Lazer and Mangano, JJ., concur.
Judgment of the Supreme Court, Kings County, rendered March 7, 1983, affirmed.