104 Misc. 2d 482 | New York County Courts | 1980
OPINION OF THE COURT
Defendant, charged with rape in the first degree, moves "for an order suppressing any line-up or photograph identification made as the result of a line-up conducted by the Suffolk County Police Department in violation of the defendant’s rights under the Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution, and the defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination and his right to counsel as guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution”. In the alternative, defendant requests "a Wade hearing immediately prior to trial.” The People oppose defendant’s motion, stating that "defendant has failed to make any factual allegations which are required pursuant to § 710.60 subd (1) of the CPL” and therefore, "defendant’s motion * * * should be denied as a matter of law pursuant to § 710.60 (3) (b) of the CPL.” However, in the alternative, the People assert that defendant’s constitutional rights were not violated.
Defendant’s motion herein is supported by an affirmation made by his attorney upon information and belief, the source of his information and the grounds for his belief being the defendant. The affirmation states that the lineup conducted by the Suffolk County Police Department "was conducted without defendant’s consent or waiver of the presence of counsel” and that defendant was "physically forced to participate in a lineup without the benefit of his Miranda warnings or presence of counsel known to the members of the Sixth Precinct to be at that time, representing defendant.”
Defendant’s request for a Wade hearing must be denied inasmuch as he has failed to make any factual showing which would support grounds for such relief; i.e., that the pretrial identification was suggestive and that the procedure was suggestive or either (CPL 710.60, subd 1; People v Roberto H., 67 AD2d 549; People v Fuentes, 74 AD2d 753, 754 [dissenting opn]).
Turning then to defendant’s assertion that his being
This court is of the opinion that the foregoing language is dispositive of defendant’s claim that his privilege against self incrimination was violated. j
Defendant further claims that he was placed in a lineup without the benefit of counsel because "having previously been arrested by the Sixth Fjrecinct of the Suffolk County Police, the said police were aware of the fact that he was represented by henry f. o’brien, esq. on a pending matter in the County Court of Suffolk County and refused and failed to apprise defendant’s counsel of the lineup proceedings”. It should be noted that the "pending matter” on which he was represented by Mr. O’Brien vras a robbery he had pleaded guilty to on June 21, 1979, andj that he was awaiting sentence on that crime when the rapé under consideration was allegedly committed on July 15, 1979, and for which he was arrested on July 17, 1979 — the day on which the questioned lineup was conducted. I
It is well settled that under both the State and Federal Constitutions (NY Const, art I, § 6; US Const, 6th and 14th Arndts) the right to the preserice of counsel at identification viewings is mandated only after the filing of an accusatory instrument (People v Blake, 35 NY2d 331) or after adversary judicial criminal proceedings have been initiated (Kirby v Illinois, 406 US 682). Blake involved a viewing of defendant by two police officers before an accusatory instrument was filed. After being arrested, defendant was placed in a detention cell with approximately 20 male prisoners. Each officer separately viewed this group and identified the defendant. The viewings occurred approximately two hours after defendant’s arrest and shortly before his arraignment. The Court of Appeals held
However, the court in Blake did discuss two situations where a defendant would be entitled to counsel at a prearraignment lineup although not required under Kirby. When "there is [an] insufficiently explained delay which prevents him [the accused] from obtaining counsel as he would on arraignment” and "[w]hen an accused, at any stage, before or after arraignment, to the knowledge of the law enforcement agencies, already has counsel,” the right to counsel will have attached and any identifications resulting from a lineup conducted in the absence of counsel will be inadmissible (People v Blake, supra, pp 338, 340).
Defendant rests his claim on the latter in that the police knew that defendant had counsel — albeit on an unrelated charge — there being no allegation by defendant that there was "an insufficiently explained delay” in his arraignment. While, defendant literally comes under this language, Blake must be read in the light of the following: " 'the failure to arrange for the presence at the lineup of a defendant’s lawyer, then seeking access to his client, is suggestive of a violation, in spirit at least, of the principles previously laid down by this court’ ” (People v Blake, supra, p 339; italics supplied). The Court of Appeals could only have been referring to a situation where a defendant had not yet had an accusatory instrument filed against him and where the police knew that an attorney was endeavoring to reach the arrestee. In order for defendant to be successful, he must go one step further, and it is for this reason that he apparently relies on the recent Court of Appeals decision in People v Rogers (48 NY2d 167) to support his position that the right to counsel had attached at the time of the lineup.
Rogers involved the admissibility of a statement allegedly uttered by defendant while in police custody. Defendant had been arrested as a suspect in a robbery that had occurred some 10 months earlier. At the time of his arrest, and subsequently at police headquarters, defendant was given the Miranda warnings. After advising the police that he had an attorney, defendant nonetheless consented to speak with police without his attorney being present. After two hours of questioning, a communication was received by the police from defendant’s attorney instructing them to cease questioning his
Although this court is aware that the Court of Appeals "has jealously guarded the individual’s * * * right to counsel, demanding that these fundamental rights be accorded the highest degree of respect by those representing the State” (People v Rogers, supra, p 170), it concludes that an identification made at a lineup conducted prior to the filing of an accusatory instrument and in the absence of counsel should not be suppressed where a defendant has been arrested for a crime committed while awaiting sentence in a previous action despite the fact that the police were aware that he was represented by counsel in that action. Rogers can be readily distinguished on its facts from the case at hand. In Rogers, the impermissible questioning on the unrelated matters occurred while defendant was in custody on a charge for which he was actually represented by counsel. There was only one custodial situation. However, in the predent case, the lineup sought to be suppressed arose from a custodial situation which occurred
In Rogers, the court attempted to reconcile what it saw as two conflicting principles concerning defendant’s right to counsel. One, as enunciated in People v Arthur (22 NY2d 325) and later restated in People v Hobson (39 NY2d 479), held that "Once an attorney enters the proceeding, the police may not question the defendant in the absence of counsel unless there is an affirmative waiver, in the presence of the attorney, of the defendant’s right to counsel” (People v Arthur, supra, p 329). The second principle, set forth originally in People v Stanley (15 NY2d 30) and again in People v Taylor (27 NY2d 327), stated that the Hobson rule "does not obtain unless and until the police or prosecutor learn that an attorney has been secured to assist the accused in defending against the specific charges for which he is held” (People v Taylor, supra, p 332). Implicit in the latter rule was that the presence of counsel in one matter did not prevent good faith investigation by the police into matters unrelated thereto (see People v Clark, 41 NY2d 612; People v Hetherington, 27 NY2d 242; United States v Garcia, 377 F2d 321). However, in a line of cases decided after Taylor and culminating in Rogers, the Court of Appeals held that the Taylor rule was not applicable under certain circumstances. Each of these cases involved an in-custody defendant charged with a crime and represented by counsel on that particular crime being questioned by police as to unrelated matters.
In People v Ramos, (40 NY2d 610) the first of these cases, defendant was arraigned on a drug charge for which he was represented by counsel. After the arraignment, his attorney advised the police who were about to question defendant on a homicide, that he had told defendant not to make any statements. The police proceeded to question defendant as to the homicide charge, relying on the Taylor rule. The Court of Appeals held the statements made as to the homicide charge should have been suppressed. "[0]ur ruling is based on the attorney’s affirmative and direct action relative to the interro
In People v Carl (46 NY2d 806), discussed in Rogers as being consistent with Hobson and inconsistent with Taylor, the court held inadmissible statements made by defendant as to supposedly unrelated matters after the Sheriff had been instructed not to speak to defendant by his attorney on the matter for which defendant was in custody. The Court of Appeals held once again that the Taylor rule as to unrelated matters did not apply. "The fact that the police officers questioned the defendant about a different crime than the one for which he was being held is a technicality of little significance in this case. Concededly both incidents involved burglaries or attempted burglaries at the same location * * * and were little more than a week apart” (People v Carl, supra, pp 807-808).
Finally, People v Ermo (47 NY2d 863) involved questioning about a homicide and an assault in the absence of counsel who represented defendant on the ¡assault charge only. Although the court stated that the politic could have questioned defendant on the homicide alone, " 'the assault charge was used * * * as a crucial element in the securing of defendant’s confessions * * * to the felony murder’ ” (People v Ermo, supra, p 865). It should be noted that the critical factor in the court’s decision was the element of exploitation used by the police. Indeed, the court stated that "had defendant been interrogated with respect to the homicide alone, it would have been error to have suppressed his statements on the ground that he had an attorney who was not present; defendant’s representation by that attorney was with respect to the different and unrelated assault charge” (People v Ermo, supra, p 865).
Common to all of the above cases including Rogers, is the fact that a defendant charged with and being held in custody on a particular crime and represented by counsel on that crime was questioned by policé as to unrelated matters. Rogers was the last in this series of cases and set forth the rule that under these circumstances, the police cannot question defendant on the charges for which he is being held or any other unrelated matters. This court does not believe that the Court of Appeals intended Rogers to stand for as broad a rule as defendant contends. Defendant’s interpretation is not supported by either the facts in Rogers or the cases cited therein
In the case at hand, defendant had for several months been released from custody on the charge for which he had an attorney when the lineup in question was conducted on a completely unrelated matter occurring after his release. This court is of the opinion that Rogers is therefore inapplicable. Counsel’s representation of defendant on the earlier charge should not be permitted to carry over to the lineup on the new charge. Were it otherwise any defendant having counsel on pending charges would have counsel for all crimes occurring while the original charges were pending.
A case subsequent to Rogers, People v Johnson (103 Misc 2d 798) limited the Rogers holding as follows: 'Rogers does not hold * * * that there is a sweeping bar to all questioning of a suspect once he has been represented by counsel on any pending criminal matter” (People v Johnson, supra, p 805). The facts in Johnson are similar to those in the case at bar and bear repeating. On November 7, 1979, defendant voluntarily appeared at the police precinct to answer questions con
Therefore, this court concludes that defendant was not entitled to counsel at the linjeup in question, there having been no accusatory instrument filed and the defendant having been arrested for a crime occurring after he had been released on the earlier crime for which he had obtained representation. This court reads Rogers as holding that the police cannot exploit the same custody for prior unrelated crimes after counsel has entered the proceedings. It does not read Rogers as holding that once counsel appears the defendant cannot, in the absence of counsel, be jjlaced in a lineup for crimes occurring subsequent to that representation. The spread between the two situations is too wide to be covered by Rogers and thereby invalidate an otherwise admissible identification.
Accordingly, defendant’s motion is in all respects denied.