This сase is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of its decision in
People v Randolph,
to address whether the holding in Randolph affects the Court of Appeals prior determination that sufficient evidence of armed robbery, MCL 750.529, was presented in this case. In making this determination, the Court of Appeals is to analyze the language of the armed robbery statute, MCL 750.529, and is to address whether that language differs in relevant respects from the language of the *305 unarmed robbery statute, MCL 750.530, at issue in Randolph. [People v Scruggs,467 Mich 921 (2002).]
Having undertaken the task required of us by the Supreme Court, we find that there is no material difference in the relevant language of the armed- and unarmed-robbery statutes. Thus we conclude, in light of Randolph, that Michigan’s armed-robbery statute, MCL 750.529, does not encompass use of the “transactional approach” to armed robbery. Consequently, in the present case we reverse defendant George W. Scruggs’ conviction of armed robbery and remand for entry of a judgment of conviction оf larceny in a building, MCL 750.360, and for resentencing.
Previously, we concluded, among other things, that sufficient evidence was introduced at trial to support defendant’s conviction of armed robbery. 1 In making this determination, we relied on the “trаnsactional approach” to robbery found in a line of precedential cases from this Court. 2 However, in Randolph, supra, the Supreme Court specifically “overrule [d] the ‘transactional approach’ to unarmed robbery,” id. at 551 (emphasis supplied), and now directs us, in essence, *306 to determine whether the “transactional approach” is applicable with respect to armed robbery under MCL 750.529. ha light of Randolph and the specific directive of the Supreme Court, our analysis is limited. The Supreme Court stated in Randolph that “the ‘transactional approach’ espoused by the Court of Appeals is without pedigree in our law and must be abandoned. Sanders, 3 LeFlore, 4 Turner, 5 and Tinsley 6 are overruled.” 7 Randolph, supra at 546. In doing so, the Supreme Court essentially limited our analysis to the determination of whether the language of MCL 750.529 requires a “transaсtional approach,” as some statutes do in other jurisdictions.
In Randolph, supra, the Supreme Court quotes the language of Michigan’s unarmed-robbery statute, MCL 750.530, adding emphasis to the pertinent language:
Any person who shall, by force or [sic] violence, or by assault or putting in fear, feloniously rob, steal and take from the person of another, or in his presence, any money or other property which may be the subject of larceny, such robber not being armed with a dangerous weapon, shall bе guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 15 years. [Randolph, supra at 536.]
*307 Thereafter, the Court acknowledges that the roots of Michigan’s robbery statutes, whether armed or unarmed, he in the common law. Id. at 537. The Court explains that “[t]he first robbery statutes, enacted in 1838, adopted the common-law definition of robbery, but divided the offense by levels of severity, depending on whether a perpetrator was armed.” 8 Id. The opinion then addresses whethеr the common law embraced the concept of a “transactional approach” *308 to unarmed robbery and concludes that it does not. 9 The Court arrives at this conclusion because unarmed robbery at common law required a taking from the person aсcomplished by an earlier or contemporaneous application, or threat, of force or violence; however, if force was used later to retain the property, no robbery occurred. Id. at 537-539. Thus, the Randolph Court concludes that
сonsistently with the rule under common law, MCL 750.530 [the unarmed-robbery statute] must be read to require a taking accomplished by “force or violence, or by assault or putting in fear.” The statute excludes a nonforceful taking, even if forсe were later used to retain the stolen property. By the same reasoning, force used to escape with stolen property is insufficient to sustain a robbery charge under our statute. [Id. at 539.]
In the present case, we interpret the language of Michigan’s armed-robbery statute, MCL 750.529, which provides:
Any person who shall assault another, and shall feloniously rob, steal and take from, his person, or in his presence, any money or other property, which may be the subject of larceny, such robber being armed with a dangerous weapon, or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the person so assaulted to reasonably believe it to be a dangerous weapon, shаll be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any term of years. If an aggravated assault or serious injury is inflicted by any person while committing an armed robbery as defined in this section, the sentence shall be not less than 2 years’ imprisonment in the state prison. [Emphasis supplied.]
*309 The relevant language in this statute, italicized above, is similar to the language in Michigan’s unarmed-robbery statute, MCL 750.530, on which the Randolph Court focused, i.e., “by force or [siс] violence, or by assault or putting in fear, feloniously rob, steal and take from the person of another, or in his presence ....” Comparing the language of the armed- and unarmed-robbery statutes, it is apparent that the Lеgislature’s intent was to define the act of robbery in both statutes in substantially the same manner. Although the unarmed-robbery statute uses more terms to define the force used to accomplish the taking, these terms essentially equate with the term “assault” as used in the armed robbery statute, and we find no reason to distinguish the two statutes on the basis of this language. Further, although the unarmed-robbery statute uses the words “from the person of another” to describe the victim, and the аrmed-robbery statute says “from his person,” we find this textual difference to be of no significance to the analysis of the issue before us. Moreover, unlike some other states’ statutes, Michigan’s armed-robbery statute has no additional language that indicates an intent by the Legislature to expand the crime of armed robbery to include a “transactional approach.” 10 Consequently, because the operative language of the armed-robbery statute is similar to that of the unarmed-robbery statute, and because no addi *310 tional language supports the use of the “transactional approach,” we find that the armed-robbery statute, like the unarmed-robbery statutе, does not allow for a conviction based on the “transactional approach.” Stated in the affirmative, we find that to prove armed robbery under Michigan law, the evidence must establish that the assault against the viсtim occurred before, or contemporaneous with, the taking of the property.
Turning now to the present case, we rely on the summary of facts in our previous opinion:
In September 1999, defendant admittedly entered a store and stole a telephone. Store loss prevention employees observed defendant’s conduct and followed him to the parking lot. When confronted in the parking lot, defendant struggled with a loss prevention еmployee. The employee allowed defendant to drive away when he saw that defendant had a knife, and thereafter the employee realized that he had sustained a cut on the hand. The other employеe recorded defendant’s license plate number, and later the police arrested defendant.
Because defendant used a knife against store employees to effectuate his escape from the parking lot, rather than before, or contemporaneous with, the taking of the telephone from inside the store, insufficient evidence was introduced at trial to support a conviction of armed robbery pursuant tо MCL 750.529. Consequently, we reverse defendant’s conviction of armed robbery. Because the jury was instructed on the lesser offense of larceny in a building, MCL 750.360, we remand to the trial court for entry of a judgment of conviction of larcеny in a building and for sentencing on that conviction. Randolph, supra at 552-553.
*311 Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Notes
People v Scruggs, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 19, 2002 (Docket No. 225337). Our analysis on remand is limited to the specific issue that the Supreme Court requires us to address and in no way affects the conclusions in our original opinion other than that concerning the sufficiency of the evidence for defendant’s armed-robbery conviction.
Under the “transactional approach,” a rоbbery is not complete until the robber has escaped with stolen merchandise. Thus, if the robber uses force after the taking, but before reaching temporary safety, a completed larceny may be elevated tо a robbery. Randolph, supra at 535, 540-543. Stated another way, the “transactional approach” elevates what otherwise would be a larcenous taking of the property of another to that of robbery if, after the taking of the prоperty, the defendant employs a degree of force consistent with either unarmed or armed-robbery to effect his escape or to retain the property.
People v Sanders,
People v LeFlore,
People v Turner,
People v
Tinsley,
We note that some of the cases that the Supreme Court expressly overruled are cases in which this Court applied the “transactional approach” to armed robbery. See Sanders, supra; Turner, supra; Tinsley, supra. We must admit to being perplexed about why the Supreme Court has given us this assignment when it hаs overruled cases involving armed robbery, thus sending an unmistakable signal that its holding in Randolph applies to armed-robbery cases as well.
The Court noted that as originally codified in 1838, the Michigan unarmed-robbery statute “is nearly identical to our current statute,” Randolph, supra at 537, and that that statute provided:
If any person shall, by force and violence, or by assаult or putting in fear, feloniously rob, steal and take from the person of another any money or property, which may be the subject of larceny, (such robber not being armed with a dangerous weapon,) he shall be punished by imрrisonment in the state prison not more than life, or for any term of years. [Id. at 537 n 5, quoting 1838 RS, tit 1, ch 3, § 12 (emphasis supplied in Randolph).]
The Randolph Court further noted that “[ojther than stylistic changes, the only substantive modification since the first statute is the addition of the phrase ‘or in his presence,’ ” which is consistent with the common-law definition of robbery. Id.
As originally codified in 1838, the Michigan armed-robbery statute provided:
If any person shall assault another, and shall feloniously rob, steal and take from his person any money or other property, which may be the subject of larceny, such robber being armed with a dangerous weapon, with intent, if resisted, to kill or maim the person robbed, or if being so armed, he shall wound or strike the person robbed, he shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life. [1838 RS, tit 1, ch 3, § 10.]
We note that there is a significant difference between the 1838 version of the armed-robbery statute and MCL 750.529. The former involves use of an actual weapon and requires intent to harm or actual physical contact, which are not necessarily required for armed robbery under MCL 750.529. However, this distinction is not relevant with respect to the issue before us.
The Court later reiterated that the “transactional approach” is contrary to the common law. Id. at 545.
For example, see Randolph, supra at 545-547 (some states’ robbery statutes provide that a person commits robbery if that person uses force “in the course of committing” either a thеft or larceny, and “the statutes define ‘in the course of to include either ‘escape,’ ‘flight,’ ‘retention,’ or ‘subsequent to the taking.’ . . . [Further, other states’] statutes specifically include the expressions ‘resisting apprehension,’ ‘facilitate escape,’ ‘fleeing immediately after,’ or used to ‘retain possession.’ ”).