139 Mich. 673 | Mich. | 1905
Certiorari to the recorder’s court of the city of Detroit. Respondent was convicted in the lower court, and fined $25, for operating an automobile in
The provisions of said ordinance material to this decision are as follows:
“ Section 1. No person or persons shall drive or propel any automobile or other motor vehicle within what is known as three-quarter mile circle at a rate of speed to exceed eight (8) miles per hour; nor shall any person or persons drive or propel any automobile or other motor vehicle outside of said three-quarter mile circle within the city limits at a rate of speed to exceed twelve (12) miles per hour; and at no time shall any person or persons drive or propel any automobile on any street, highway, or public place in a careless, reckless, or negligent manner. * *' *
“Sec. 2. The owner or driver of any automobile or other motor vehicle shall, before operating the same, register with the license collector his name and residence, together with a description of the vehicle so owned or operated, and the license collector shall enter such name and residence and description in a record kept for that purpose and shall furnish the person so registered with one or more aluminum figures sufficient to compose a number corresponding with the number appearing upon the record so made. The figures shall be four (4) inches high, and three (3) inches in width, for which the person to whom delivered shall pay to said license collector the sum of one dollar ($1). The owner of such vehicle shall place, or cause to be placed, such figures on the rear of his vehicle in the center of the bed thereof, arranging the same in a horizontal line with the space of one and one-half (1£) inches, between the nearest adjacent points thereof, and on a dark background; but said figures may be rigidly attached to the axle or hung under the body of the vehicle ; said figures shall at no time be concealed or covered, but shall be kept in plain sight. * * *
“Seo. 5. No person shall operate or cause to be operated an automobile or other motor vehicle upon any of the streets, alleys, boulevards, park driveways, or public grounds of the city of Detroit without complying with the provisions hereof.
*675 “Provided, That the provisions of the ordinance relating to the registration and numbering of such vehicles and notification as to transfers thereof shall not apply to automobiles or other motor vehicles owned by nonresident visitors when said vehicle is kept in the city for not more than two (2) days.
“ Sec. 6. Any person violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) for each offense; and, in the. imposition of such fine, the court may make a further sentence that, in default of the payihent of such fine, the offender may be imprisoned in the Detroit house of correction for such offense for any period of time not exceeding three (8) months.”
Respondent .concedes that part of the ordinance regulating the speed of automobiles is valid. He contends, however, that the provisions respecting registration and numbering are invalid. His objections to the validity of those provisions may be classified thus: (1) The legislature has never granted to the common council of Detroit authority to enact them. (2) They interfere with respondent’s constitutional rights. We will consider each of these objections separately.
1. Has the legislature authorized the common council to enact the provision in question? This depends upon the proper construction of section 170 of the city charter (1904), which gives the common council authority “to control, prescribe, and regulate the manner in which the highways, streets, avenues, lanes, alleys, and public grounds and spaces within said city shall be used and enjoyed.” It is scarcely necessary to say that this gives the common council ample authority to enact ordinances which will tend to make streets safe for the traveling' public. We may take judicial notice that many of these automobiles may be driven at a speed of at least 40 miles an hour. Driven by indifferent, careless, or incompetent operators, these vehicles may be a menace to the safety of the traveling public. Under its authority to regulate the use of the streets, the city may enact ordinances which will diminish this danger. It is clear, and it is conceded, that it may
If authority be needed for the proposition that the city may enact this provision for the purpose of identifying automobiles which endanger the safety of travelers, Frankford, etc., R. Co. v. City of Philadelphia, 58 Pa. St. 119, is such an authority. The ordinance there in question provided “that each car run shall be numbered and have its number painted in a conspicuous place.” The court sustained this ordinance, saying:
“ It is obvious that its effect is that of police regulation. It clearly furnishes a means of identifying every car which may be run in violation of those rights and public interests which the city is authorized by its charter to maintain and secure.”
See, also, Laundry License Case, 22 Fed. 703.
In the Laundry License Case, which involved the licensing of laundries in the city of Portland, Or., it was said:
“The words ‘to control’ and ‘to regulate,’ ex vi termini, imply to restrain, to check, to rule and direct. And, in my judgment, the power to do either of these implies the right to license, as a convenient and proper means to that end. * * * By this means the persons or occupations to be regulated are located and identified and brought within the observation of the municipal author*678 ities, so that whatever regulations are made concerning them may be the more easily and certainly enforced.”
There are cases holding that the grant of power to regulate does not confer upon the city power to license. See City of Burlington v. Bumgardner, 42 Iowa, 673. In that case (that was a grant of authority to regulate taverns and houses for public entertainment) it might be said that the power of regulation might be effectually exercised without licensing. That is by no means an authority for the proposition that, when regulation cannot otherwise be effectual, the grant of power to regulate does not carry with it power to license. We do not think that any of the cases cited by respondent are opposed to this conclusion. The cases most nearly in point are City of Chicago v. Collins, 175 Ill. 445 (49 L. R. A. 408), and City of Chicago v. Banker, 112 Ill. App. 94.
In City of Chicago v. Collins, the supreme court of Illinois held invalid an ordinance of Chicago which imposed a license fee on each vehicle using the streets of the city. The grounds of that decision were these: (a) The city had no authority to prohibit, and therefore no authority to license, “ an ordinary method of locomotion, or even an extraordinary method, if it is not of itself calculated to prevent a reasonably safe use of the street by others.” (6) The city had no authority to raise a revenue by taxing the use of vehicles which were already subject to taxation under the general laws of the State. That decision has no application to the case at bar. It does not hold nor indicate that municipal authorities may not (if in their judgment such a requirement is essential to safe travel) exclude from their streets automobiles not registered and numbered.
City of Chicago v. Banker, supra, is more nearly in point. In that case it was decided that an ordinance of the city of Chicago compelling one ‘ ‘ who uses his automobile for his pleasure and business only to submit to an examination and to take out a license (if the examining board see fit to grant it) * * * is beyond the power
We conclude, therefore, that the common council of the city of Detroit had authority to provide for the registration and numbering of automobiles under the grant of power to regulate the use of the streets, unless the exercise of that power is forbidden -on some constitutional ground.
2. Is the ordinance constitutional ? Respondent contends that the ordinance violates section 26, art. 6, of our Constitution, which forbids “unreasonable searches,” and section 32 of article 6, which reads:
“No person shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”
We deem it sufficient to say that the provision requiring one operating an automobile on the street to display thereon a number furnished by the municipality is not an unreasonable search. The statement in the opinion of this court in Robison v. Haug, 71 Mich. 38, relied upon by respondent, which denies the right of the public to look into one’s private place of business or residence, manifestly has no application. We think it equally clear that the ordinance does not compel an automobile owner or operator to testify against himself, or deprive him of any property rights. It is merely a justifiable exercise of the police power in the interest of the safety of the traveling public. We think it unnecessary to discuss any other objection.
The conviction is affirmed.