PEOPLE v SCHINZEL
Docket No. 77-3422
86 Mich App 337
October 3, 1978
Submitted June 22, 1978, at Detroit. Remanded in lieu of leave to appeal, 406 Mich —.
1. The requirements for the admission of a dying declaration are: (1) the declarant must have been conscious of impending death; (2) death must actually have ensued; (3) the statements are sought to be admitted in a criminal prosecution against the individual who killed the decedent; and (4) the statements must relate to the circumstances of the killing. The statements were properly admitted as dying declarations.
2. “Consciousness of death” requires first, that it be established that declarant was in fact in extremis at the time the statement was made and, secondly, that the decedent believed his death was impending, which may be proved like any other facts in the case and in the light of the existing and surrounding circumstances.
3. Even if the statements were inadmissible as dying declarations they were properly admitted as excited utterances because a statement may be admitted into evidence under the excited utterance rule if (1) there is a startling occasion, startling enough to produce nervous excitement and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting, (2) the statement was
4. The 180-day statutory period which controls the time for commencing a criminal prosecution against a prison inmate on outstanding warrants begins with the coincidence of either of following conditions 1 or 2 and condition 3: (1) the issuance of a warrant, indictment or complaint against a person incarcerated in a state prison or under detention in any local facility awaiting incarceration in any state prison; or (2) the incarceration of a defendant in a state prison or the detention of such defendant in a local facility to await such incarceration when there is an untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint pending against such defendant; and (3) the prosecutor knows or should know that the defendant is so incarcerated when the warrant, indictment, information or complaint is issued or the Department of Corrections knows or should know that a warrant, indictment, or complaint is pending against one in their custody.
5. A period of unexplained inaction in excess of 180 days in the prosecution of a charge pending against an inmate, if the defendant has not contributed to the delay, is per se a violation of the statute which requires such a prosecution within 180 days, unless the people make an affirmative showing of exceptional and unavoidable circumstances which hamper the normal functioning of the trial courts.
Reversed and the charges dismissed.
J. H. GILLIS, J., concurred with regard to the admissibility of the statements of the deceased but dissented with regard to the disposition of the case. He would hold that a trial court should be given an opportunity to state for the record its reasons for delaying a criminal trial subject to the statutory 180-day rule beyond 180 days where the defendant was subsequently convicted of second-degree murder and where the record is silent regarding the delay. In such a case the Court of Appeals should remand to the trial court for the making of a record while retaining jurisdiction to decide the issue of the excusability of the delay.
REFERENCES FOR POINTS IN HEADNOTES
[1, 2] 40 Am Jur 2d, Homicide §§ 347, 365, 366.
[3] 40 Am Jur 2d, Homicide § 368.
[4] 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 708.
Admissibility, as part of res gestae, of accusatory utterances made by homicide victim after act. 4 ALR3d 149.
[5] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law § 249.
[6] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law § 251.
[7] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law § 255.
OPINION OF THE COURT
1. HOMICIDE—EVIDENCE—HEARSAY—DYING DECLARATIONS—REQUIREMENTS.
The requirements for the admission of a dying declaration are: (1) the declarant must have been conscious of impending death, (2)
2. HOMICIDE—EVIDENCE—HEARSAY—DYING DECLARATIONS—CONSCIOUSNESS OF DEATH.
The “consciousness of death” requirement for the admission of a dying declaration requires first, that it be established that declarant was in fact in extremis at the time the statement was made and, secondly, that the decedent believed his death was impending.
3. HOMICIDE—EVIDENCE—DYING DECLARATION—IN EXTREMIS—BELIEF IN IMPENDING DEATH.
Whether or not a person who made a so-called “dying declaration” was in extremis and believed that his death was impending may be proved like any other facts in the case and in the light of the existing and surrounding circumstances; the fact that the decedent lived for nine days after making the declaration is not controlling where the criteria for admission are met.
4. EVIDENCE—ADMISSIBILITY—HEARSAY—EXCITED UTTERANCE—RES GESTAE EXCEPTION—ELEMENTS.
A statement may be admitted into evidence despite the hearsay rule under the excited utterance rule if (1) there is a startling occasion, startling enough to produce nervous excitement and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting, (2) the statement was made before there was time to contrive and misrepresent, and (3) the statement relates to the circumstances of the occurrence preceding it.
5. CRIMINAL LAW—STATUTES—SPEEDY TRIAL—INMATES—COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS—180-DAY RULE.
The 180-day statutory period which controls the time for commencing a criminal prosecution against a prison inmate on outstanding warrants begins with the coincidence of either of following conditions 1 or 2 and condition 3: (1) the issuance of a warrant, indictment or complaint against a person incarcerated in a state prison or under detention in any local facility awaiting incarceration in any state prison; or (2) the incarceration of a defendant in a state prison or the detention of such defendant in a local facility to await such incarceration when there is an untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint pending against such defendant; and (3) the prosecutor knows or should know that the defendant is so incarcerated
6. CRIMINAL LAW—STATUTES—INMATES—TRIAL ON PENDING CHARGE.
A period of unexplained inaction in excess of 180 days in the prosecution of a charge pending against an inmate, if the defendant has not contributed to the delay, is per se a violation of the statute which requires such a prosecution within 180 days, unless the people make an affirmative showing of exceptional and unavoidable circumstances which hamper the normally efficient functioning of the trial courts (
CONCURRENCE IN PART, DISSENT IN PART BY J. H. GILLIS, J.
7. CRIMINAL LAW—STATUTES—INMATES—TRIAL ON PENDING CHARGES—180-DAY RULE—APPEAL AND ERROR.
A trial court should be given an opportunity to state for the record its reasons for delaying a criminal trial subject to the statutory 180-day rule beyond 180 days where the defendant was tried and subsequently convicted of second-degree murder and where the record is silent regarding the delay; in such a case the Court of Appeals should remand to the trial court for the making of a record while retaining jurisdiction to decide the issue of the excusability of the delay (
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Robert Sheiko, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Ina G. Zeemering, for defendant on appeal.
Before: R. M. MAHER, P.J., and J. H. GILLIS and MCGREGOR,* JJ.
PER CURIAM. On May 23, 1977, defendant was
The deceased, Clim Green, died as the result of a shotgun blast to his face. He was pronounced dead on April 1, 1976, nine days after he was shot. At trial, Climmie Allen, the deceased‘s woman friend, testified that she was in his home on March 22, 1976. Green received two phone calls and at 7:30 or 7:45 p.m. he left his residence to meet one of the callers. Allen left and returned to her residence. At 8:15 p.m. she received a call from the hospital. Shortly afterwards she went there to visit the deceased. Green was covered with blood and had a towel over his head. He told Allen that the last phone caller had been a man named “Joe” who told Green to meet him at Campbell near Vernor. Green did so. Allen testified that deceased also stated, “Joe shot me“.
After the shooting Green staggered onto the front steps of the home of Kenneth Cantreraz. Cantreraz testified that he asked Green who had done it. Green responded by first stating David, then Joe, then he mentioned David once again and finally he said Joe three more times.
Police officer George Wilson interviewed Green at the hospital at approximately 9:15 p.m. The officer testified that Green was lying on his back with bandages on his face and blood dripping from it. Green was also spitting up blood. He told the officers what had happened. When asked by the officer to describe who shot him, Green spoke of a Mexican male, known to him as “Joe“, who was living on Cavalry south of Vernor Highway.
Officer Clyde Jones, partner of Officer Wilson, testified to participating in the interview of the
After Jones testified, defense counsel moved to strike the testimony of Officer Wilson, on the basis that the interview at the hospital did not fall within the “dying declaration” or “excited utterance” exceptions to the hearsay rule. The trial court denied the motion.
On appeal, defendant renews his argument that the testimony of Officer Wilson was hearsay and not recognized within any hearsay exception and therefore inadmissible. The trial court allowed the admission of the hearsay statement on the basis of the dying declaration exception and the excited utterance exception.
Four requirements must be met before a statement can be admitted as a dying declaration:
(1) The declarant must have been conscious of impending death.
(2) Death must actually have ensued.
(3) The statements are sought to be admitted in a criminal prosecution against the individual who killed the decedent.
(4) The statements must relate to the circumstances of the killing. See People v Franklin, 70 Mich App 343, 347; 245 NW2d 746 (1976).
The requirement in dispute in the case at bar is whether Clim Green was conscious of his impending death. “Consciousness of death” requires first, that it be established that declarant was in fact in extremis at the time the statement was made and, secondly, that the decedent believed his death was impending. People v Johnson, 334 Mich 169, 173; 54 NW2d 206 (1952).
On this record there is no evidence that anyone actually informed decedent of his critical condi
But a verbal indication that a person believes he or she is about to die is not necessary. People v Johnson, supra. The essential fact of declarant‘s belief that death is impending may be proved like any other facts in the case in light of the existing and surrounding circumstances. People v Simpson, 48 Mich 474; 12 NW 662 (1882). The declarant‘s belief may be shown by the apparent fatal quality of the wound, by statements made to the declarant by the doctor or by others that his condition is hopeless, and by other circumstances. McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 282, pp 680-681.
Despite the lack of a statement from decedent, we conclude from other circumstances that decedent knew death was imminent. The wound in the face which severed decedent‘s eye, the blood, both dripping and being spit up, all point to an injury of fatal proportions. As the Supreme Court has stated:
“Some wounds certify death. Such a wound was given the sheriff. He was not asked if he was aware of impending death or informed that his death was imminent, nor did he express himself on the subject, so far as this record discloses. When the first bullet ripped its course through his vitals his hours were numbered. His stoical bearing, restraint of emotions and retention of opinion or knowledge on the subject of dissolution do not at all rule the admissibility of his statements. * * * To say he did not sense impending death would accord him less than ordinary intellegence.” People v Arnett, 239 Mich 123, 131-132; 214 NW 231 (1927).
Likewise, in People v Gorman, 252 Mich 603; 233 NW 430 (1930), the Court looked to the sur
“There is no testimony that deceased at the time of the statement and the writing believed he was in extremis or that he had been so advised. He died the ninth day after the shooting, and was conscious during a portion of the early part of the intervening time. He was an intelligent man and experienced in police work. Besides having several large scalp wounds and numerous abrasions and contusions about the forehead and face, he was suffering from two bullet wounds. One bullet had entered just above and a little in front of the right ear and the other in the right side of his neck. To presume that in his conscious moments he did not appreciate that he was in the shadow of death would be doing violence to common sense and common experience.” 252 Mich at 605.
See also People v Franklin, supra.
The police here were notified by physicians that decedent‘s condition was serious. Witnesses testified that decedent‘s eye had been shot out, his face badly battered. At the hospital, blood continued to drip from the face and when answering the police officer‘s questions, decedent was continually coughing up blood. These circumstances lead us to believe that decedent, as a man of ordinary common sense, knew that his death was imminent. The lack of a direct statement from decedent is not decisive.
Nor are we persuaded that the length of time between the shooting and Green‘s death—nine days—removes decedent‘s statement from the class of dying declarations. The fact that the maker of the dying declaration lives for several days after making the declaration is not controlling in determining its admissibility. People v Johnson, supra, at 173. In People v Denton, 312 Mich 32; 19 NW2d 476 (1945), it was held that a declaration made by a decedent while he was being taken to a hospital almost immediately after being shot and while he was conscious of impending death would be a dying declaration notwithstanding that decedent lived for 11 days after being shot. Similarly, under the circumstances of the case at bar, the passing of nine days did not negate the nature of decedent‘s statements as a dying declaration.
Even if decedent‘s words are not admissible as a dying declaration, they are admissible as an excited utterance. An excited utterance will be allowed in evidence if (1) there is a startling occasion, startling enough to produce nervous excitement and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting; (2) the statement was made before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent; and (3) the statement relates to the circumstances of the occurrence preceding it. Rogers v Saginaw-Bay City R Co, 187 Mich 490; 153 NW 784 (1915), Rice v Jackson, 1 Mich App 105; 134 NW2d 366 (1965), People v Mosley, 74 Mich App 145; 254 NW2d 33 (1977).
Here those three requirements are met. The statements did relate to the circumstances of the occurrence preceding it. A shooting is a startling occasion which can produce nervous excitement. See Rice v Jackson, 1 Mich App at 111. The statements were made approximately 45 minutes to an hour after the shooting. A 40-minute time lapse was not found to be too great in People v Ivory Thomas, 14 Mich App 642; 165 NW2d 879 (1968), when the party was in great pain and unconscious part of the time.
Decedent in the instant case was bandaged but still bleeding. He was continually expectorating blood. While there was a 45-minute period be
Defendant also alleges that the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the charges against defendant in accordance with
Several cases have considered when the statutory period begins to run. See People v Thomas, 21 Mich App 465; 175 NW2d 540 (1970). In People v Hill, 402 Mich 272; 262 NW2d 641 (1978), the Supreme Court propounded the following rules:
“We hold that the statutory period begins with the coincidence of either conditions 1 or 2 and condition 3:
“1) The issuance of a warrant, indictment or com
plaint against a person incarcerated in a state prison or under detention in any local facility awaiting incarceration in any state prison; “2) The incarceration of a defendant in a state prison or the detention of such defendant in a local facility to await such incarceration when there is an untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint pending against such defendant; and
“3) The prosecutor knows or should know that the defendant is so incarcerated when the warrant, indictment, information or complaint is issued or the Department of Corrections knows or should know that a warrant, indictment, or complaint is pending against one sentenced to their custody.” 402 Mich at 280-281.
At the time of defendant‘s arraignment on the instant charge, he was incarcerated on a parole violation. The coincidence of conditions commencing the statutory period in this case occurred on April 14, 1976, when the warrant was issued. The time elapsed between that date and the beginning of trial on May 18, 1977, is some 400 days. On the surface, the trial court would seem to have automatically lost jurisdiction.
But in interpreting the 180-day statute, the courts of this state have ruled that jurisdiction is not always lost if defendant does not go to trial within 180 days. The statute requires only that “good faith action” to commence proceedings be initiated within the six-month time limit. People v Hendershot, 357 Mich 300; 98 NW2d 568 (1959), People v Castelli, 370 Mich 147; 121 NW2d 438 (1963). When trial does not begin until well after the 180-day period has expired, the court may still have jurisdiction if the initial action was followed by reasonable diligence in proceeding to trial. People v Forrest, 72 Mich App 266; 249 NW2d 384 (1976).
From April 14, 1976, until November 15, 1976, a
This Court, however, has adopted a position clearly contrary to that asserted by the prosecution. In People v Forrest, supra, the Court held that delays attributable to the judiciary were chargeable against the people.
“In the case at bar the people have not made an affirmative showing of unavoidable delays which might justify this inaction. A mere recitation of the factor of a crowded docket, without more, cannot warrant visiting on the incarcerated defendant a longer imprisonment than might otherwise be in store. If congestion and delay result from inadequate court staffing or funding, the inevitable results of those delays must fall upon the people, who have the power to remedy court congestion.” 72 Mich App at 273.
In the present case, the people have not given an adequate explanation for the delay. In light of Forrest, the reason proffered, the administrative procedures of the court, fails to sustain the people‘s burden of making “an affirmative showing of exceptional and unavoidable circumstances which hamper the normally efficient functioning of the trial court“. Forrest, supra at 273. Such a reason (administrative procedures), “‘should be weighted less heavily [against the government] but nevertheless should be considered since the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government rather than with the defend
Guided by Forrest, we hold that the inexcusable delay in this case violated the statute. Therefore, the trial court had no jurisdiction over defendant. The charges are dismissed.
Reversed.
J. H. GILLIS, J. (concurring in part, dissenting in part). I concur with my colleagues’ disposition of the first issue, but cannot at this time agree with the disposition of the second issue.
I would remand this case to the trial court for a testimonial record to determine the cause of the delay with this Court retaining jurisdiction. After the testimonial record was prepared, I would then make my determination of whether or not
This is a serious homicide case, important to both the people of this state and the defendant. We have not been presented with any statement from the trial court nor has it been given the opportunity to present reasons for the adjournment. Justice in my opinion would require that all parties be given an opportunity to present on the record the reasons for the grant of adjournments in this cause.
R. M. MAHER
J. H. GILLIS
MCGREGOR