191 A.D. 723 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1920
Upon the charge of practicing dentistry without a license, in violation of section 203 of the Public Health Law, the defendant, a dentist, was convicted as a first offender and was sentenced to the workhouse for 60 days. The said section (as amd. by Laws of 1916, chap. 129) provides that the convict is “ guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable upon conviction of a first offense by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, and upon conviction of a subsequent offense by a fine not less than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not less than two months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.”
The sole question for consideration is whether this first offender is subject to any imprisonment. The first contention in favor of imprisonment for the first offense is that this provision so provides. This contention requires application of the final words “ both such fine and imprisonment ” to the first offense. A final clause that is general sometimes is rendered not to its last antecedent alone, but such course is in violation of the general rule of grammatical construction. (Cushing v. Worrick, 9 Gray, 382; Wood v. Baldwin, 10 N. Y.
I perceive no objection to a construction of the statute as it reads, namely, that the punishment for the first offender is a fine only. I think that if the Legislature had intended to prescribe imprisonment it would have thus declared by alternative words ‘after the words “ fifty dollars.” In this same section the Legislature immediately prescribes the law for another offense. The Legislature declares it a misdemeanor and provides that it is “ punishable upon a first conviction by a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than one year, and upon every subsequent conviction by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not less than sixty days, or by both fine and imprisonment." (The italics are mine.) Thus it appears that when the Legislature intended to prescribe imprisonment for that first offense it explicitly so declared by words alternative to the fine prescribed for that offense. The omission in the first instance and the expression in the second instance are significant. (Endlich, supra, § 383.) These two offense spresent the only distinctions made in the statute between first and second offenders.
This contention for imprisonment rests at best upon an ambiguity. But this is a penal statute, to be construed strictly (People v. Hewson, 224 N. Y. 136), that is, “ such laws are to be expounded strictly against an offender, and liberally in his favor.” (Daggett v. State, 4 Conn. 63.) Upon
I think that the Legislature intended to prescribe that the sole penalty for the first offense should be a fine of fifty dollars. It is true that the legislative expression is “ not less than fifty dollars.” We may concede, as did Curtis, J., in the case presently cited, that the expression “ not less than ” is not “ well chosen,” but I think we may well follow the judgment in that case to hold in the case at bar that the legislative authority thereby prescribed as the penalty a fine of just fifty dollars. (Stimpson v. Pond, 2 Curt. 502.)
It is also contended that the punishment for this offense is prescribed much later in this section by the provision of subdivision D (as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 507): “ Any misdemeanor mentioned in this article for which a punishment is not specifically imposed shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both fine and imprisonment.” This contention must rest upon the proposition that despite the provision for punishment directly associated with the declaration of the offense in subdivision A, the Legislature did not specifically impose any punishment. The prescription of a fine is a punishment, a fine not less than fifty dollars is a specific punishment of a fine of fifty dollars. It is argued that the provision contains no maximum. But I do not understand that a statute for punishment cannot be complete unless it contain both a minimum and a maximum of punishment. If my construction is right, the punishment is definitely determined at exactly fifty dollars. I think that this provision in subdivision D, far separated from subdivision A and in no way articulated with it, was enacted as a saving general clause
I advise that the sentence be set aside (Code Crim. Proc. § 543; Inferior Criminal Courts Act of the City of New York [Laws of 1910, chap. 659], § 40), and that the defendant be brought before this court for resentence. (People v, Bretton, 144 App. Div. 282; People v. Scheuren, 148 id. 324.)
Mills, Rich, Putnam and Blackmar, JJ., concur.
Judgment of conviction of the Court of Special Sessions affirmed, but the sentence is set aside as illegal, and the defendant is ordered to appear before this court on Monday, May 10, at one p. m., for sentence.
