PEOPLE v SAIN
Docket No. 62984
Supreme Court of Michigan
December 10, 1979
407 Mich 412
Robert Sain was cоnvicted by a jury in Recorder‘s Court of Detroit, Henry Heading, J., of entering without breaking with the intent to commit larceny. The arresting officer testified that neither the defendant nor his codefendant, his son, responded when asked for an explanation of their presence in a vacant four-family dwelling. The assistant prosecuting attorney, in his argument to the jury, referred to the defendants’ failure to give any explanation at the time of arrest. The Court of Appeals, V. J. Brennan аnd Bashara, JJ. (N. J. Kaufman, P.J., dissenting), affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion on the ground that while allowing the references to the defendants’ silence was errоr, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt (Docket No. 29476). Defendant Robert Sain applies for leave to appeal. Held:
Conduct which directly or indirectly restricts the exercise of the constitutional right to remain silent in the face of accusation will not be condoned. “Nonutterаnces” are not statements. The question asked by the assistant prosecutor of the arresting officer in this case did not solicit a comment upon the defendant‘s silence at the time of his arrest. The unresponsive answer to a general question does not appear to have been a studied attеmpt by the prosecution to place the matter before the jury. However, even a cursory perusal of the assistant prosecutor‘s remarks to the jury reveals that he seized upon the answer and used it to maximum advantage. He clearly and repeatedly asked the jury to consider the defendаnt‘s silence as a factor in favor of a finding of guilt. This argument denied the defendant a fair trial.
Justice Williams concurred on the ground that whether or not permitting the jury to hear the unresponsive answer of the witness was erroneous, permitting the prosecutor‘s argument
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Recorder‘s Court of Detrоit for a new trial.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Don W. Atkins, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Maxwell & Sniderman for defendant.
PER CURIAM. Charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit larceny,1 the defendant was convicted by a jury of entering without breaking with the intent to commit larceny.2 Because the record discloses that the prosecutor utilized a portion of his closing argument to improperly comment upon the defendant‘s exercise of his right to remain silent at the time of his arrest, we reverse.
Two policemen, having been called by a postman, went to the back door of a four-family dwelling and observed the defendant and his son, in the words of the policeman, “disassembling the stove“. The building was a vacant one, and its owner was rehabilitating it for future rentals. The arresting officer had watched the two men work with the stove for three to five minutes before he entered the building and made the arrests.
The defendant did not testify. However, the defense presented evidence from defendant‘s son, Miсhael Sain, to the effect that he and the defendant had been driving in the neighborhood, that
During the course of the examination of one of the arresting officers, the prosecutor asked the following question and received the following response:
“Q. [Assistant Prosecutor]: What occurred once you entered the building?
“A. We discovered the two defendants in the kitchen. We asked them whether or not they had—whether or not it‘s their property, they had permission from the property owner tо be in there; [if] in fact they did know who owned the building. Neither of them responded to my questions and I advised them at that time they were under arrest.” (Emphasis added.)
Later, during the prosecutor‘s closing argument, it was stated:
“* * * and once they [the police] went into the house the noise only stopped when they entered the kitсhen, just prior to them entering the kitchen. The only people that were in the kitchen they testified were Misters Sain. At that time they had no tools in their hands because they probably heard both the officers approach. Then they stood up and started to walk out or attempted to walk out when the police officers saw them and they asked them to stop. They did. They were both asked explanation why were they on the premises. No one said I was given permission. No one said I owned the premises: No one said we were just here to look and see if we could get a door jamb. They did talk to the policе officer later but not at the scene there.” (Emphasis added.)
The defendant argues that the above-quoted colloquy and closing argument violated the rule an-
“We will not condone conduct which directly or indirectly restricts the exercise of the constitutional right to remain silent in the face of accusation. ‘Nonutterances’ are not statements. The fact that a witness did not make a statement may be shown only to contradict his assertion that he did.”
The Court of Appeals majority, in affirming the defendant‘s conviction, noted first of all that no objections were lodged at trial with regard to the examination of thе police officer or the prosecutor‘s closing argument. Nevertheless, the majority found Bobo error but concluded that upon the record it was harmless. Judge KAUFMAN, in dissent, also found Bobo error but could not agree that the error was harmless. Judge KAUFMAN indicated that it was his opinion that the evidence was not so overwhelming as to offset the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor‘s remarks. He also opined that Bobo error is offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process and thus should not be the subject of a harmless error inquiry.
Were the only question before us the propriety of the colloquy between the prosecutor and the police officer, we might not reverse. The question posed by the prosecutor did not solicit a comment upon the dеfendant‘s silence at the time of his arrest. The officer‘s unresponsive answer to a general question does not appear to have been a studied attempt by the prosecution to place this matter before the jury.
However, the same cannot be said of the prosecutor‘s closing argument. Even a cursory perusal of the prosecutor‘s remarks, set forth earlier in this opinion, reveals that the prosecutor seized
Therefore, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4), we reverse the judgments of the Court of Appeals and Recorder‘s Court and remand the case to Recorder‘s Court for a new trial.
COLEMAN, C.J., and KAVANAGH, LEVIN, FITZGERALD, RYAN, and BLAIR MOODY, JR., JJ., concurred.
WILLIAMS, J. Whether the alleged unresponsive answer was or was not Bobo error, the prosecutor‘s closing argument was Bobo error and, therefore, I concur.