Aftеr denial of his motion to disclose the identity of a confidential informant (Cl) who witnessed the transaction, defendant was convicted of selling methamphetamine. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379.) On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in denying the motion.
Because the Cl did not testify at the in camera hearing on defendant’s motion to disclose the informant’s identity, we shall reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further in camera proceedings. As we shall explain, the fact the Cl witnessed the alleged methamphetamine transaction does not necessarily compel disclosure of the Cl’s identity. Evidence adduced at an in camera hearing may establish there is no reasonable possibility the Cl could give evidence which might result in defendant’s exoneration. In order for the trial court to make this determination, the Cl’s in camera testimony is essential because he was an eyewitness to the alleged transaction. The materiality of the Cl’s possible testimony cannot be determined by a peace officer’s characterization of the Cl’s knowledge of the incident and the Cl’s reliability and credibility.
Discussion
I
At the preliminary hearing, Deputy Sheriff Bruce Ramos testified the Cl told him of a subject wishing to “deal off” some mеthamphetamine. The Cl arranged for Ramos to purchase an eighth of a gram of methamphetamine from defendant. About 9:30 that night, Ramos went to a residence in Marysville, where he was met at the door by the Cl. After the Cl introduced Ramos to defendant, the Cl and defendant went into a bedroom for about 30 sеconds, returned together, and defendant handed Ramos a baggie of methamphetamine. Ramos paid defendant for the methamphetamine. Ramos, defendant and the Cl stood together at the time of the transaction. Defendant was held to answer, and the case was certified to the supеrior court.
Defendant then filed a motion for disclosure of the Cl’s identity. Defendant contended the Cl could give material testimony because he arranged and participated in the alleged drug transaction and his testimony was crucial to impeach Ramos. In their opposing memorandum of points and authorities, the People conceded the Cl was a percipient witness who “might offer a version of events supporting the defendant’s plea of innocence.” The court concluded defendant made a sufficient showing to justify an in camera hearing. After an in camera hearing, the mоtion to disclose the identity of the Cl was denied.
II
Noting that this case was essentially a credibility contest between defendant and Ramos, and that the Cl was a percipient witness to thе offense, defendant contends it is reasonably possible the Cl could give exculpatory testimony. Thus, it was crucial to the defense to know Cl’s identity. Defendant asks this court to independently review the transcript of the in camera hearing to determine whether the trial court erred in concluding that nondisclosure would not deprive defendant of a fair trial.
As a general rule, a public entity has a privilege to refuse to disclose the identity of a person who has furnished information purporting to expose a violation of a law and to prevent another from disclosing such identity if disclosure is against thе public interest because there is a necessity for preserving the confidentiality of the informant’s identity that outweighs the necessity for disclosure in the interest of justice. (Evid. Code, § 1041, subd. (a).)
When, in a criminal proceeding, a party demands disclosure of the informant’s identity on the ground the informant is a material witness оn the issue of guilt, the court shall conduct a hearing at which all parties may present evidence on the issue of disclosure. If the privilege affordеd by Evidence Code section 1041 is claimed, the prosecutor may request the court to hold an in camera hearing outside the presence of the defendant and defense counsel. At the in camera hearing, the prosecutor may offer evidence which discloses the identity of the informant and aids the court in determining whether disclosure to the defense is necessary for a fair trial. The court “shall not order disclosure . . . unless, based upon thе evidence presented at the hearing held in the presence of the defendant and his counsel and the evidence presented at the in camera hearing, the court concludes that there is a reasonable possibility that nondisclosure might deprive the defendant of a fair trial.” (Evid. Codе, § 1042, subd. (d).)
That the Cl witnessed the transaction between defendant and Ramos does not necessarily compel disclosure of the Cl’s identity. “Evidence adduced at an in camera hearing can potentially establish that there was no reasonable possibility that a particular percipient eyеwitness-informer could
The transcript of the in cаmera hearing reveals the Cl did not testify at the hearing. The sole witness was Ramos, who testified in a manner consistent with his preliminary hearing testimony. Ramos also testified the Cl had been helpful to law enforcement in the past, characterized the Cl as reliable, and stated he knew nothing to suggest the Cl would give false testimony or would be involved in other improper conduct.
Although there is no general requirement that an informant must be present or testify at an in cаmera hearing on a motion to disclose the informant’s identity
(People
v.
Alderrou
(1987)
Due to the absence of in camera testimony by thе Cl, the trial court had no meaningful way to determine whether there was a reasonable possibility the Cl could give evidence favorable to the dеfendant on the crime charged. Accordingly, we must reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further in camera proceedings.
Disposition
The judgment is reversed. Thе matter is remanded for further in camera proceedings pursuant to Evidence Code section 1042, subdivision (d). If, after receiving the Cl’s testimony and any additional evidence presented by
Puglia, P. J., and Sparks, J., concurred.