In these consolidated cases, defendants appeal as of right their convictions of various drug offenses following a joint trial. Defendant Rodriguez was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to deliver and to deliver more than 650 grams *14 of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 750.157(a), 333.7401(2)(a)(i), possession with intent to deliver 50 or more but less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii), and two counts of delivery of less than fifty grams of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv). He was sentenced to consecutive prison terms of life imprisonment without parole for the conspiracy conviction, ten to thirty years for the conviction of possession with intent to deliver 50 or more but less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, and two to thirty years each for the convictions of delivery of less than fifty grams of a mixture containing cocaine. Defendant Porter was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to deliver 225 or more but less than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 750.157(a), 333.7401(2)(a)(ii) and sentenced to twenty to thirty years’ imprisonment. We affirm.
i
Defendants’ convictions arise from their alleged involvement in sales of cocaine in Waterford Township and Pontiac from approximately September 1990 to March 1994. In 1988, the Waterford Police Department received information that Rodriguez was selling cocaine in area bars. In 1989 and 1990, the police conducted surveillance of Rodríguez’ activities. On September 28, 1990, the police arrested Rodriguez for driving while his operator’s license was suspended and, in a search incidеnt to the arrest, found cocaine; Rodriguez was charged with possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine. In December 1992, Rodriguez pleaded guilty to that charge and was sentenced to lifetime probation.
*15 In the interim, in April 1992, the Waterford Police, in conjunction with the Oakland County Sheriffs Department and the Narcotics Enforcement Team, began a larger investigation into defendants’ drug dealing on the basis of information that the size and scope of the defendants’ organization had grown. The police resumed surveillance, during which they observed Porter present with Rodriguez while Rodriguez was dealing cocaine. In July 1993, a grand jury convened and, in March 1994, returned an indictment charging defendants. Also named in the indictment was a coconspirator, Paul Potter, who pleaded guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for his testimony against defendants.
The indictment alleged that both defendants, Potter, “and others both known and unknown to the Grand Jury” participated in a conspiracy beginning about September 1990 and continuing until March 1994, in which Rodriguez purchased cocaine in quantities ranging from one ounce to one kilogram and that Porter and Potter aided Rodriguez in the transporting, storing, weighing, and packaging of the cocaine that was sold in smaller amounts in Oakland County during this period. The indictment also charged defendants and Potter each with possession with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine in November 1991 and charged Rodriguez with two counts of delivering less than fifty grams of a mixture containing cocaine that involved transactions on August 13, 1991, and September 10, 1991, and one count of possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of a mixture containing cocaine that involved a transaction on *16 December 17, 1991. Following a preliminary examination, defendants were bound over on all charges.
After defendants were bound over for trial, the second count charging Porter with possession with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine was amended to possession with intent to deliver 50 or more but less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine. The second count of the indictment charging Rodriguez with possession with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine was amended to possession with intent to deliver 50 or more but less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine. Following a jury trial, defendants were convicted as set forth above.
n
DOCKET NO. 208845
A
Rodriguez first argues that his conspiracy conviction violates the protection against double jeopardy under the Michigan Constitution, Const 1963, art 1, § 15, because the conspiracy charge stems from the same criminal transaction as the prior drug conviction of possession with intent to deliver. We disagree that Rodriguez’ conspiracy conviction violates the double jeopardy protection against successive prosecutions for the same offense.
Under the Michigan Constitution, “[n]o person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy.” Const 1963, art 1, § 15;
People v Wilson,
Michigan adheres to the “same transaction” test, adopted in
People v George White,
The crimes at issue all involve specific criminal intent.
People v Justice (After Remand),
Michigan’s adoption of the same transaction test evolved from circumstances in which a defеndant abducted a female acquaintance in the city of Inkster; the defendant struck her with the butt of a gun, forced her into a car, drove to Detroit, and sexually assaulted her. George White, supra at 250-251. The defendant was convicted in the Wayne Circuit Court of kidnapping and, in a separate proceeding in the Detroit Recorder’s Court, was subsequently convicted of rape and felonious assault. Id. at 251. Adopting the same transaction theory for analyzing a double jeopardy claim, the White Court held that because the three offenses were part of one criminal transaction, the second prosecution was a violation of double jeopardy. Id. at 259. The Court observed that under the facts of the case, the same transaction test provided the only meaningful approach to the protection against double jeopardy, id. at 257-258, but also noted that its holding was limited to the facts of the case and similar factual situations. Id. at 258, n 6.
In applying the same transaction test, subsequent appellate decisions have required a close, unified purpose relationship between the crimes.
Jackson, supra
at 46. The defendant must demonstrate that there was a direct, factual connection between the crimes, not merely temporal happenstance.
Id.
It is black-letter law that conspiracy and the underlying substantive offense are separate and distinct crimes.
People v Hermiz,
This Court has previously found no double jeopardy violation in successive prosecutions for drug offenses where the charges stemmed from multiple drug transactions.
People v Edmonds,
In Martinez, id. at 694-695, the Court found no evidence of a connection between the sales, such as an agreement after the first delivery to return for another sale. The Court held that proof that the deliveries of heroin were made to the same agent during the course of a continuous undercover investigation *20 does not “relate the events intimately enough so as to characterize them as being part of a single transaction under the test adopted in People v White.” Id. at 695.
In Cuellar, supra at 22, the Court rеjected the defendant’s argument that the five sales were part of a “unitary supply contract” to the undercover agent and therefore part of the same transaction. The Court noted that George White was never intended to apply to the situation presented in Cuellar. Id. Further, even though the police may have used the five sales to “discover how big a dealer [the] defendant really was and who his sources were,” the defendant had no single objective, goal, or intent. Id. at 23.
Later, in Jackson, supra, this Court again rejected a double jeopardy claim where the defendant was separately charged with delivery of marijuana and possession of marijuana with intent to deliver stemming, respectively, from a sale of marijuana to an informant and a subsequent search the same day of the defendant’s car and home. The Court rejected the defendant’s argument that the two charged offenses were really only one single transaction, stating:
[I]t cannot be said that defendant committed the two charged offenses by way of a single transaction or that the offenses comprised an “essentially unitary criminal episode.” Defendant did not display the type of singular purpose evinced by the defendant in White. . . .
Nor are we able to conclude that these facts demonstrate the type of continuous time sequence contemplated by the White/Crampton same transaction test. Defendant was charged with possession with intent to deliver certain marijuana and with delivery of certain other marijuana The conduct constituting the alleged possession began when defendant obtained the marijuana and formed the intent to dis *21 tribute it, and did not end until he was divested of possession by the police. In the interim, defendant sold other marijuana. On these facts, we believe that the most that can be said is that the charged offenses involved a concurrent time sequence. Defendant essentially sold some marijuana while allegedly warehousing other marijuana. Thus, the sequence of conduct in this case may be simultaneous, but it is not continuous. [Jackson, supra at 49-50.]
As in Jackson, the circumstances in this case present a situation of concurrent or simultaneous conduct rather than one continuous time sequence involving a single intent and goal. Rodriguez’ convictions in this case were based on transactions independent from the September 28, 1990, traffic arrest and search that resulted in the charge of possession with intent to deliver cocaine to which he pleaded guilty in December 1992. The сharge of possession with intent to deliver 50 or more but less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine was based on conduct in November 1991 in which defendants and another man possessed cocaine; the two convictions of delivery of less than fifty grams of a mixture containing cocaine were based on separate deliveries of cocaine to an undercover agent on August 13, 1991, and September 9, 1991. Evidence of these subsequent and independent drug transactions that took place about a year after Rodriguez’ 1990 arrest support the conspiracy conviction. The mere fact that Rodriguez’ cocaine dealing continued over the course of four years does not transform all the drug-related activities during that period into a single criminal transaction.
A criminal offense may occur in conjunction with another criminal offense and still constitute two separate transactions under the double jeopardy principles, particularly where there are repeated occur *22 rences to support the separate charges. Jackson, supra at 46-47. In Carl White, supra at 306-307, the Court held that a misdemeanor conviction of stalking on July 17, 1993, did not bar later conviction of felony stalking for harassment on June 9, 1993, involving the same victim. The Court reasoned that the charges arose from distinct stalking behavior on distinct dates, which independently established the requisite course of conduct to support the separate charges, “[e]ven if the continuous stalking from September 1992 through August 1993 formed the basis of both the June 1993 and the July 1993 offenses.” Id. at 307.
The purpose of the state protection against successive prosecutions for the same offense is to prevent harassment of a defendant and protect against vexatious proceedings. Jackson, supra at 42, 45. Rodriguez’ conspiracy conviction does not offend the constitutional protection against double jeopardy.
B
Rodriguez next argues that the jury instructions denied him a fair trial because they removed the only contested element of the conspiracy charge from the jury’s consideration. We disagree.
Rodriguez contends the trial court’s instruction that “[t]he delivery and sale of narcotics on a regular basis, which contributes to the promotion of a continuing conspiracy to deliver^] are not separate transactions” erroneously directed the jury to aggregate the evidence of numerous small transactions into a single transaction to find Rodriguez guilty of conspiracy to deliver more than 650 grams of cocaine. While the court’s instruction may be slightly imperfect in
*23
stating that the jury
may
view a series of smaller drug transactions in the aggregate,
Justice, supra
at 355, we find no error requiring reversal because the trial court properly instructed the jury that “[i]f you believe the evidence so shows, you
may
add up the separate amounts to show that there was an agreement to deliver over 650 grams or more [sic] of any mixture containing the controlled substance cocaine” (emphasis added). Reversal is not required because the instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected Rodriguez’ rights.
People v Davis,
Rodriguez also claims that the trial court erred in failing to give his requested special instructions that would have clarified the aрplicable legal principles pertaining to the conspiracy charge. Rodriguez argues the omission precluded the jury from considering his theory “that the drug sales were to be viewed separately or as part of smaller conspiracies, and not as part of one all-embracing conspiracy.” We find no error.
The trial court’s jury instruction properly covered the formation of conspiracy and the definitions in accordance with the standard criminal jury instructions. The instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected Rodriguez’ rights. Id. Accordingly, there was no instructional error when the trial court declined Rodriguez’ request for additional special instructions.
c
Rodriguez next argues that he was denied his right to a unanimous verdict because the court failed to *24 instruct the jurors that they must unanimously agree regarding the identity of at least one coconspirator. We disagree.
Rodriguez failed to preserve this issue for appeal. This Court reviews unpreserved claims of instructional error for plain error that affect substantial rights.
People v Snider,
Rodriguez cites no specific authority in support of his argument that he was denied his right to a unanimous verdict when the jury verdict did not disclose unanimous agreement about which coconspirators agreed with him to deliver more than 650 grams of cocaine. Rodriguez relies on
People v Cooks,
This Court has previously rejected the claim that a conviction of conspiracy to possess with intent to deliver over 650 grams of cocaine must be set aside under the “no one-man conspiracy” rule where the codefendant conspirator was found guilty of conspiring to possess with intent to deliver 225 or more
but less than
650 grams of cocaine, because the charges were nonspecific in alleging that the defendant conspired with his codefendant and others.
People v Charles Williams,
because the felony information in the instant case charged that defendant and [his codefendant] conspired together and with others, and there was evidence presented from which a jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had conspired with others to possess with intent to deliver over 650 grams of cocaine. [Id. at 330-331 (emphasis in Charles Williams).]
Rodriguez has failed to show a plain error that affected his substantial rights where the indictment charged that Rodriguez conspired with Porter, Potter, and “others both known and unknown to the Grand Jury” and evidence beyond a reasonable doubt supported a conclusion that he conspired with others, as charged, to possess with intent to deliver over 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine.
D
Rodriguez next argues that he is entitled to a new trial because he was denied his constitutional rights to due process, to compulsory process, and to present a defense when an important defense witness, Robert Proden, was precluded from taking the witness stand by the prosecutor’s misconduct and the trial court’s erroneous rulings. We disagree.
Constitutional questions are reviewed de novo.
People v Pitts,
*26 Rodriguez claims error in the trial court’s acceptance of a witness’ general invocation of the right against self-incrimination, following which the court dismissed the witness, as opposed to a question-by-question invocation of the right. Rodriguez did not object to the trial court’s procedure; thus, we review this issue for plain error. Id.
Although the trial court’s procedure of dismissing the witness after he indicated that he was invoking his right against self-incrimination may have been improper,
People v
Guy,
We find no merit in Rodriguez’ contention that the prosecutor “drove defense witness Proden from the stand” by posing potentially incriminating questions concerning the witness’ cocaine use, which were irrelevant under MRE 401. Evidence that the witness used cocaine at a party hosted by Rodriguez cannot bе viewed as irrelevant. Nor do we find error in the trial court’s failure to compel the prosecution to grant the witness immunity, given that the witness was implicated in the drug conspiracy by other testimony, and the lack of justification for granting immunity.
People v Schmidt,
*27 E
Rodriguez next argues that the admission of the hearsay statement of codefendant Porter that Rodriguez was “the biggest drug dealer in Oakland County” violated defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation, US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20, because Porter, who did not testify, was not subject to cross-examination concerning the statement. Rodriguez argues that the error was outcome determinative because the only real issue with respect to the conspiracy charge was whether Rodriguez “was as large a drug dealer as the prosecution portrayed him to be,” i.e., “[h]is dеfense was not that he had never conspired to sell cocaine, but that he had never conspired to sell more than 650 grams of it.”
Rodriguez failed to preserve this issue for review. Nonetheless, this Court may consider constitutional issues that could be decisive of a case even though not preserved. Pitts, supra at 263. This Court reviews unpreserved claims of constitutional error for plain error that affected substantial rights. Carines, supra at 763-764, 774.
At trial, a mutual friend of both defendants, Mary Chopski, who was also Porter’s former girlfriend, testified that Porter told her that Rodriguez “was the biggest drug dealer in Oakland County.” Rodriguez first argues the statement was inadmissible hearsay and does not fall within any hearsay exception.
We find no error in the admission of the statement under MRE 804(b)(3), as a statement against Porter’s penal interest.
People v Poole,
Further, the statement was properly admitted against Rodriguez, as well as Porter. Poole, supra at 159-161; Schutte, supra at 717-719. Given the totality of the circumstances in this case, Porter’s statement possessed sufficient indicia of reliability to be admitted against Rodriguez. Poole, supra at 164-165. Porter voluntarily madе the statement to defendants’ mutual friend, without any apparent prompting. Id. Accordingly, there was no plain error in admitting Porter’s statement because it satisfied Confrontation Clause concerns where it was a statement against Porter’s penal interest and there were sufficient indicia of reliability “to provide the trier of fact a satisfactory basis for evaluating the truth of the statement.” Id. at 164; Schutte, supra at 720.
Even were we to find plain error in the admission of the statement, Rodriguez has failed to show that his substantial rights were affected, which requires a showing of prejudice. Carines, supra at 763-764. Any error would not have been outcome determinative *29 given other similar testimony and the nature of the evidence against Rodriguez. Before the admission of the statement at issue, one of Rodriguez’ close associates testified that Rodriguez would boast, “I’m the biggest dope dealer around.” Further, another witness testified that he was a close friend of Rodriguez and that Rodriguez said that he (Rodriguez) was “the biggest . . . drug dealer [in the area].”
Finally, reversal is not required because there is no indication that Rodriguez was actually innocent of the conspiracy charge or that the alleged error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of these judicial proceedings. Id. There was strong evidence establishing that Rodriguez conspired to deliver more than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine during the period from September 1990 to March 1994, including specific testimony from a coconspirator that he participated in a conspiracy with Rodriguez to deliver over 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine.
Given our finding of no error in the admission of the statement, and the lack of prejudice it follows that trial counsel’s failure to object to the statement did not deprive Rodriguez of the effective assistance of counsel.
People v Pickens,
F
Rodriguez next argues that three instances of prosecutorial misconduct require reversal of his conviction. We disagree.
The test of prosecutorial misconduct is whether Rodriguez was denied a fair and impartial trial.
People
*30
v Paquette,
i
First, Rodriguez claims that the prosecutor improperly diminished the people’s burden of proof and shifted the burden of proof to Rodriguez by stating, during her opening statement, that the grand jury had conducted a “several month long investigation” that led to the indictments in this case and that she would ask the jury to confirm what the citizens grand jury has already found. However, the trial court’s curative instruction, and its directive to strike the statements, were sufficient to cure any prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s comments.
People v Bahoda,
2
Second, Rodriguez argues that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the credibility of prosecution witness Potter when she refreshed his recollection of prior statements made to her and other police officers. A prosecutor may not vouch for the credibility of a witness by implying that the prosecution has some special knowledge that the witness is testifying truthfully. Bahoda, supra at 276. At one point, the trial court directly responded to the challenged comments by indicating that the prosecutor should proceed without making such comments. The trial court’s response was sufficient to cure the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s error. Further, the trial court’s final jury instructions informed the members of the jury that it was their duty to determine the credibility of the witnesses.
We find no merit in Rodriguez’ argument that the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing argument when she “explicitly used her own integrity and that of one of the officers-in-charge to support Potter’s credibility.” A review of the prosecutor’s remarks in context reveals that she was not vouching for Potter’s credibility, but instead merely responding to defense attorneys’ attack on Pottеr’s credibility.
3
Third, Rodriguez argues that the prosecutor improperly denigrated defense counsel during closing *32 argument. Rodriguez raised no objection to the remarks at trial. Unpreserved issues are reviewed for plain error that affect substantial rights. Carines, supra at 763-764, 774.
A review of the remarks in context reflects no plain error affecting Rodriguez’ substantial rights. The comments responded to defense argument, and any prejudicial effect could have been cured by an appropriate instruction. Stanaway, supra at 687. Any claim of error based on cumulative misconduct also fails.
G
Finally, Rodriguez argues that he was denied his right to a speedy trial. The record shows that defendants caused much of the delay in this case and that they waived their right to a speedy trial. A defendant may not claim error regarding an issue on appeal where his lawyer deemed the action proper at trial or otherwise acquiesced.
People v Barclay,
m
DOCKET NO. 210561
A
Porter first argues that he was denied a fair trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct. We disagree. The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied his right to a fair and impartial trial. Paquette, supra at 342.
*33 i
Porter claims that the prosecutor improperly bolstered the credibility of several prosecution witnesses. We disagree.
Porter contends that the prosecutor’s repeated references, in comments and during direct examination, to Potter’s plea agreement and his promise of truthfulness, improperly bolstered Potter’s testimony. Porter argues that the prosecutor repeatedly “impeached” or “refreshed” Potter’s testimony by referencing prior out-of-court statements made to her and Detective James Lalone, which suggested that she had special knowledge that Potter was testifying truthfully. Likewise, with respect to another witness, Porter asserts that the prosecutor referred to the witness’ testimony in other proceedings, implying that he had testified truthfully because otherwise he would have been charged with perjury. Porter concedes that if the prosecutor’s vouching were limited to these two witnesses, there would be no prejudicial error. However, he argues that, coupled with improper impeachment or “refreshing” of several other witnesses’ testimony by references to their out-of-court statements to her, the prosecutor’s misconduct requires reversal. We disagree.
Although the introduction оf an accomplice witness’ promise of truthfulness is not necessarily error, it is error mandating reversal if used by the prosecutor to suggest that the government has some special knowledge that the witness is testifying truthfully.
People v Enos,
Any party may attack the credibility of a witness. MRE 607. MRE 613 addresses the manner of impeachment and provides:
(a) Examining Witness Concerning Prior Statement. In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the witness, whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor its contents disclosed to the witness at that time, but on request it shall be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel and the witness.
(b) Extrinsic Evidence of Prior Inconsistent Statement of Witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require. This provision does not apply to admissions of a party-opponent as defined in Rule 801(d)(2).
Under MRE 613, subject to certain restrictions, a witness may be examined concerning a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes.
People v Dale Williams,
The prosecutor’s questions were in keeping with laying a proper foundation under MRE 613. Although the prosecutor failed to elicit the time and place of the prior inconsistent statement, we find no indication that the prosecutor thereby vouched for the credibility of the witnesses in referencing the statements made to her.
In addition, Porter claims that because of the prosecutor’s references to out-of-court statements made to her, the prosecutor improperly injected herself into the trial as a witness, whom the defense could not cross-examine. Given that the witnesses did not deny that they made the statements in question, the prosecutor’s questioning functioned more like “refreshment” than “impeachment,” and in this case, extrinsic evidence of the prior inconsistent statement was unnecessary. See Claybon, supra at 400 (prosecutor’s preliminary questions were for refreshment purposes). Under these circumstances, we find no error requiring reversal.
Porter argues that the prosecutor improperly placed the prestige of the police behind the contention that Porter was guilty by eliciting testimony from Detective Lalone that suggested that the prosecution’s witnesses were telling the truth because their testimony about Porter’s characteristics and activities dоvetailed with his experiences of enforcers or bodyguards in the drug world. We find no misconduct in this regard. The prosecutor’s elicitation of Lalone’s testimony merely supported the contention that Porter acted as an enforcer for Rodriguez.
*36 2
Porter claims, as did Rodriguez, that the prosecutor intimidated defense witness Proden into invoking the Fifth Amendment, driving him from the witness stand and thereby depriving Porter of his right to compul-soiy process under the federal and state constitutions. As discussed with respect to Rodriguez in part n D, supra at 25-26, Porter is not entitled to a new trial on this basis.
B
Porter next contends that the trial court erred in allowing Detective Lalone to give expert testimony that Porter’s actions were consistent with those of a bodyguard because it amounted to inadmissible drug profile testimony that wаs used as substantive evidence to show that Porter participated in the conspiracy as a “bodyguard” or “enforcer.” Because Porter failed to preserve this issue, we review it for plain error affecting substantial rights. Carines, supra at 763-764. We find no error requiring reversal.
Contrary to Porter’s claim, Detective Lalone’s testimony was admissible as expert testimony. Detective Lalone’s testimony was not offered as substantive evidence of Porter’s guilt, but was properly offered as background or modus operandi evidence. Charles Williams, supra at 320-321. Further, various witnesses provided ample evidence that Porter, acting as a bodyguard for Rodriguez, participated in the conspiracy to deliver cocaine. Id. Regardless, Porter has failed to show that the alleged error affected his substantial rights, because any error pertaining to the admission of Detective Lalone’s testimony was harm *37 less in light of the nature and effect of the other evidence, which overwhelmingly established that Porter conspired with Rodriguez and Potter to deliver cocaine.
c
Porter next argues that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors denied him a fair trial. Having found no single error, we conclude that Porter was not denied a fair trial because of the cumulative effect of multiple errors.
D
Porter next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by declining to depart downward from the mandatory minimum sentence. We disagree. We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s determination that there were not substantial and compelling reasons to depart from Porter’s minimum sentence of twenty years’ imprisonment for conspiracy to possess with intent to deliver 225 or more but less than 650 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 750.157(a), 333.7401(2)(a)(ii).
People v Fields,
The record supports the trial court’s finding that Porter was Rodriguez’ associate in the conspiracy to deliver cocaine and Porter was an active participant in the conspiracy. There was ample testimony that Porter carried a gun and acted as an “enforcer.” Porter’s prior criminal record, while lacking “any street drug-related offenses,” does not support mitigation of the mandatory minimum sentence. We find no abuse of discretion.
*38 E
Porter next argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel in two regards. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should be raised by a motion for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing.
People v Ginther,
First, Porter claims that his then defense counsel, William Mitchell, III, was ineffective as a result of counsel’s failure to convey a tentative plea bargain that had been offered by the prosecution in December 1994. However, appellate relief is foreclosed because the existing record does not disclose what information or advice, if any, defendant received regarding a prior plea offer. Id.
Second, Porter claims, as did Rodriguez, that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel by counsel’s failure to object to Chopski’s testimony that Porter told her that Rodriguez was “the biggest drug dealer in Oakland County.” As discussed with regard to Rodriguez’ same claim, part n E, supra at 27-29, Porter’s statement to Chopski was against Porter’s penal interest because it served to incriminate him also, insofar as he was charged as a coconspirator in Rodriguez’ drug trafficking. Because we find no error in the admission of the testimony, Porter’s ineffective assistance claim is without merit.
*39 F
Porter next argues, as did Rodriguez, that he was denied his due process right to a speedy trial where there was a delay of more than three years from the time of the indictment or arrest to the beginning of trial. As discussed with regard to Rodriguez’ case in part n G, supra at 32, because Porter waived his speedy trial right, this claim is without merit.
G
Porter next argues, as Rodriguez did, that he is entitled to a new trial because he was deprived of due proсess of law, the right to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and the right to present a defense because the trial court failed to compel the prosecutor to grant immunity to Proden. We find no error, as discussed in part n D, supra at 25-26, with respect to the similar claim of Rodriguez.
H
Porter next argues, as did Rodriguez, that the trial court’s jury instructions concerning the offense of conspiracy were erroneous because they predetermined the dispositive element of conspiracy. He claims that the trial court effectively directed a verdict and that he is therefore entitled to a new trial. We disagree.
As previously discussed in part H B, supra at 22-23, with regard to Rodriguez’ same claim, the jury instructions set forth the elements of the offense of conspiracy and fairly presented the issues to be tried. The instructions sufficiently protected Porter’s rights.
*40 i
Finally, Porter argues that he was denied a fair trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct when the prosecutor referred to defense counsel’s explanation of “not guilty” as a “cop out,” which was intended to give the jury “an easy way out.” Further, the prosecutor improperly called the defense “smoke and mirrors.”
Porter was not denied a fair trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct. As previously discussed with regard to a similar claim by Rodriguez in part n F 3, supra at 31-32, the prosecutor’s challenged remarks dining closing argument did not constitute misconduct. Accordingly, Porter’s claim of ineffective assistance on this basis is also without merit.
Affirmed.
Notes
Alternatively, when the crimes charged do not all involve specific intent, the test focuses on whether the offenses were part of the same criminal episode and involve laws intended to prevent the same or a similar harm or evil, rather than substantially different harms or evils.
Crampton, supra; People v Ainsworth,