People v. Rodney E.People v. Rodney E.
OPINION OF THE COURT
The question on this appeal is whether a court can place a defendant on "interim probation” after conviction but before sentence.
In 1989, the defendant, then 14 years old, pleaded guilty to robbery in the first degree. Prior to accepting the plea the court informed the defendant that sentencing would be postponed for three months. During this period the defendant would be placed on "interim probation,” and if he complied with all the conditions imposed by the court he would be sentenced at thе end of the term as a youthful offender to five years’ probation. The court further advised the defendant of the conditions of the interim probation and directed the
Several weeks later the Probation Department filed a рrogress report containing hearsay allegations that the defendant had violated the conditions of the interim probation in several respects. The court immediаtely scheduled the case for sentencing and directed the defendant to appear. The defendant through counsel denied the allegations and requested a hearing which a court is required to hold before revoking a probationary sentence for an alleged violation of the conditions (CPL 410.70 [1]). In this case the court denied the dеfendant’s hearing request, noting that the defendant was on interim probation and had not been sentenced to a probationary term. However, counsel was afforded the limited right to state his objections to the hearsay allegations in the probation report before sentence was pronounced. The court then terminated the intеrim probation and sentenced the defendant as a youthful offender to IVs to 4 years at a State Division of Youth facility. The court acknowledged that this sentence was based, at least "partially,” on the alleged violations of the terms of the interim probation.
The defendant appealed to the Appellate Division, claiming that the sentence was illegal because interim probation was not authorized by statute. The Appellate Division affirmed stating: "While it appears that the interim probation program is not expressly authorized by law, the Probation Department, nevertheless, is required to include in its presentence report 'any matter the court directs to be inсluded’ (CPL 390.30 [1]; see also, 9 NYCRR 350.7 [a]). That the Department complied with the court’s directive provides no basis for disturbing the sentence imposed upon defendant.” (
The defendant appeals, рresenting the issue left open by this Court in Matter of Jacobs v Altman (
Courts have power to sentence persons convicted of specified crimes to serve a period of probation (Penal Law § 65.00), but as the Appellatе Division recognized and the prosecutor concedes, there is no express statutory authority for "interim probation” pending the sentence. Nor can such authority bе inferred from the court’s power to prescribe the contents of a presentence probation report. The court, of course, may consider the defеndant’s activities after conviction in determining
Nevertheless, the prosecutor urges that interim probation is a necessary and inherent adjunct to the court’s sentencing powers because it is often difficult for the court to be informed adequately of the defendant’s current activities, habits and ability to benefit from a probationary sentence. The prosecutor contends that in some cases the only way the court can make such an assessment intelligently is by placing the defendant on probation for a short trial period before the court determines an appropriate sentence and finally sentences the defendant. These are legitimate concerns, but they have been taken into account in the existing statutory scheme relating to probationary sentences.
Unlike sentences of incarceration which the court may not alter or revoke once the defendant has begun the sentence (CPL 430.10; see also, Matter of Campbell v Pesce,
These provisions indicate the Legislature’s awareness of the difficulties courts faсe in deciding whether a person convicted of a crime is a suitable candidate for probation, as well as the need to allow the courts to consider as dеterminative the defendant’s áctual performance on probation. However, the statutes also reflect the legislative judgment that, in a doubtful case, these determinations are best made after the defendant has been "tentatively” sentenced to probation pursuant to a statute which sets forth in some detail, the rights and responsibilities of the court, the Probation Department and the person on probation. Although the prosecutor claims that "interim probation” alone provides the degree of flexibility required by a sentencing court, it is not clear how the present statutory scheme is deficient. To the extent that reform is called for, it is a matter within the province of the Legislature.
In sum, the court erred in placing the defendant on probation prior to sentence and in basing the sentence in part on allegations that the defendant had violated the conditions of the interim probation. Thus the sentence should be set aside and the defendant should be resentenced. We note that if the court finds that it is unable tо impose the sentence which was agreed upon when the defendant pleaded guilty, the defendant should be permitted to withdraw the plea (People v Selikoff,
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, the sentence vacated and the case remitted to the trial court for resentencing.
Judges Simons, Kaye, Alexander, Titone, Hаncock, Jr., and Bellacosa concur.
Order reversed and case remitted to Onondaga County Court for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion herein.