269 N.W.2d 521 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1978
PEOPLE
v.
RICHMOND
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Nels Olson, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Dorian M. Richmond, in propria persona.
*180 Before: R.B. BURNS, P.J., and BRONSON and D.F. WALSH, JJ.
BRONSON, J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury, on December 9, 1976, of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. He was charged with robbing a Dearborn supermarket. Several store employees were present at the time of the robbery. They were shown a photographic array shortly after the robbery and before defendant's arrest. After his arrest, defendant was identified at a lineup by three witnesses. He was also identified at trial by the same witnesses as the robber. Defendant appeals of right, raising three issues relating to the photographic identification.
Defendant first asserts that he should have been represented by counsel at the photo identification, because he was either in custody or the focus of an investigation. See People v Anderson, 389 Mich 155; 205 NW2d 461 (1973), People v Cotton, 38 Mich App 763; 197 NW2d 90 (1972). See, also, People v Kachar, 400 Mich 78; 252 NW2d 807 (1977).
The record discloses that defendant was not in custody at the time of the photo identification. Furthermore, police had not yet focused on defendant at that time; both defendant and another individual who was the registered owner of the getaway vehicle were suspects. At that time, nothing other than a link to the vehicle involved in the robbery implicated defendant. The facts of this case indicate that the police did not use the photographic showup in an attempt to build a case against defendant, but were then concerned with either establishing or ruling out defendant as a suspect. See People v Kachar, supra, at 89, quoting People v Cotton, supra. We conclude that the investigation had not focused on defendant at the *181 time of the photo identification. Consequently, he was not entitled to counsel at that identification procedure.
Defendant also contends that the photographic identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive in two respects: first, the persons depicted were not all physically similar[1] and, second, of the five to seven photographs displayed, there were as many as three different pictures of defendant.
An identification procedure's fairness is to be evaluated from the totality of the circumstances; the test is the degree of suggestion inherent in the manner of displaying the suspect's photograph to the witness. People v Lee, 391 Mich 618; 218 NW2d 655 (1974). We cannot say as a matter of law that the physical differences of the depicted persons constituted impermissible suggestion. See People v Flippo, 70 Mich App 652; 247 NW2d 321 (1976), People v Mitchell, 61 Mich App 153; 232 NW2d 340 (1975). See, generally, Anno: Admissibility of evidence of photographic identification as affected by allegedly suggestive identification procedures, 39 ALR3d 1000. Similarly, we do not find that showing different pictures of defendant along with pictures of other individuals was impermissibly suggestive, although a better procedure would have been to show a smaller proportion of pictures of defendant by increasing the total number of photographs shown. See Simmons v United States, 390 US 377; 88 S Ct 967; 19 L Ed 2d 1247 (1968).[2]*182 We therefore find that the photographic array was not impermissibly suggestive. However, even assuming it was suggestive, reversal is not automatically required.
A conviction based on an in-court identification[3] which is allegedly tainted by a suggestive pretrial photographic identification must be reversed unless an independent basis for the in-court identification can be shown by clear and convincing evidence. Manson v Brathwaite, 432 US 98; 97 S Ct 2243; 53 L Ed 2d 140 (1977), Simmons v United States, supra, People v Kachar, supra.
Kachar listed eight factors to be used in determining whether an independent basis exists. Applying these factors to the three employees who identified defendant, we find a sufficient basis for identification independent of the photographic procedure:
1. Prior relationship with or knowledge of the defendant. There is no evidence that the witnesses saw defendant before the evening of the robbery.
2. Opportunity to observe the offense. The manager saw the robber for five to ten minutes in the office during the course of the robbery. The office was apparently well lighted. The cashier saw defendant for approximately 25 seconds at a distance of 30 feet. The stock boy who made the identification watched the man for about five minutes.
3. Length of time between offense and disputed identification. The manager made the photo identification the day after the robbery. The cashier and the stock boy made the identification approximately five days after the robbery.
*183 4. Accuracy of prior descriptions and actual description. The detailed prior descriptions by the manager and the stock boy corresponded closely to defendant's description. The cashier's description, while less detailed, was also similar to defendant's actual description.
5. Previous identification or failure to identify defendant. The photographic identification was the first identification made. Subsequently, defendant was identified positively at a lineup by all three witnesses.
6. Previous identification of another person as defendant. None.
7. Witness's emotional condition at time of alleged crime. There is nothing in the record regarding the emotional condition of the cashier and stock boy. However, the manager was described as being scared.
8. Idiosyncratic or special features of defendant. The robber's black purse drew attention to him on the evening of the robbery; however, there were apparently no distinguishing physical features of either the robber or defendant.
As each witness had an independent basis for identifying defendant, we cannot say that there was "a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification". Manson v Brathwaite, supra, at 105, n 8, quoting Simmons v United States, supra, at 384.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] In particular, defendant contends that the photographs depicted persons with different complexions, that some of those pictured had facial hair while defendant was clean shaven and that the pictures were not all of the same size.
[2] In Simmons, the Court held that a photo identification procedure by which police displayed at least six group pictures in which the suspect was part of several groups did not irreparably taint the subsequent identification at trial. The Court did note that it would have been preferable to show a greater number of photos and proportionally fewer pictures of the suspect. Simmons v United States, supra, at 385-386, n 6.
[3] Manson v Brathwaite, supra, held that the same test applies to both in-court identifications and evidence of out-of-court identifications. Id. at, at 106-107, n 9.