People v. PinkonslyPeople v. Pinkonsly
The State and the defendant, Robert Pinkonsly, both appeal a decision of the appellate court affirming in part and vacating in part a McHenry County circuit court order dismissing the defendant‘s amended petition under
BACKGROUND
On December 4, 1989, the defendant sold 27.2 grams of cocaine to an undercover
On August 23, 1991, the defendant was convicted on all three counts. At sentencing, the State asked the trial court to sentence the defendant to two concurrent 60-year, extended-term sentences on the delivery convictions and a consecutive 15-year sentence on the narcotics racketeering conviction. Defense counsel objected that “[t]here have been no necessary findings or evidence to indicate extended terms.” The court sentenced the defendant to two concurrent 30-year sentences on the delivery convictions and another concurrent 30-year, extended-term sentence on the narcotics racketeering conviction. The defendant appealed, raising the sole issue of a purported speedy-trial violation. The appellate court affirmed. See People v. Pinkonsly, No. 2-91-1093, 239 Ill.App.3d 1109, 212 Ill.Dec. 150, 656 N.E.2d 473 (1993) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
More than six years after his conviction, on December 17, 1997, the defendant filed a pro se “Petition for Relief from Judgment” under
The defendant appealed, and the appellate court appointed another attorney for the defendant. On appeal, the defendant contended that all of his prior attorneys, including his court-appointed attorney on his section 2-1401 petition, were constitutionally ineffective because they failed to challenge his extended-term sentence for narcotics racketeering, and they failed to attack his unlawful delivery convictions as lesser-included offenses of narcotics racketeering. The appellate court ordered supplemental briefing on two issues: (1) whether narcotics racketeering and unlawful delivery are based on the same physical act; and (2) whether People v. Callaway, 185 Ill.App.3d 136, 133 Ill.Dec. 287, 540 N.E.2d 1153 (1989), which held that Class 1, 2, and 3 felony unlawful delivery convictions were lesser-included offenses of narcotics racketeering, a Class 1 felony, applied here.
The appellate court, with one justice dissenting, affirmed in part and vacated in part. 331 Ill.App.3d 984, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. The court rejected the State‘s argument that the defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition was untimely, because the State did not present that argument to
“The narcotics racketeering count contained an allegation that defendant participated in a pattern of narcotics activity. That allegation necessarily implied that defendant committed two Class 2, 1, or X felonies under the Cannabis Control Act [citation] or the Illinois Controlled Substances Act. Counts I and II alleged that defendant committed two Class X felonies under the Illinois Controlled Substances Act. Accordingly, the statutory elements of narcotics racketeering were implicitly contained in the unlawful-delivery-of-cocaine counts, a fact that renders the unlawful-delivery-of-cocaine counts lesser-included offenses. See People v. Callaway, 185 Ill.App.3d 136 [133 Ill.Dec. 287, 540 N.E.2d 1153] (1989).” 331 Ill.App.3d at 988, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855.1
The court held that the defendant‘s section 2-1401 attorney was ineffective for failing to raise this issue and vacated the defendant‘s convictions and sentences on both delivery counts. 331 Ill.App.3d at 989, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. The court further held that the defendant‘s section 2-1401 attorney was not ineffective for failing to challenge the defendant‘s extended-term sentence on his narcotics racketeering conviction. 331 Ill.App.3d at 991, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. Though the trial court did not offer a basis for the extended-term sentence, the State mentioned at sentencing that the defendant had a prior Class 1 felony conviction for “possession with intent to deliver.” 331 Ill.App.3d at 991, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855.
The dissent initially noted that the majority opinion did not address the central issue in this case: whether predicate offenses are lesser-included offenses. 331 Ill.App.3d at 991, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855 (O‘Malley, J., dissenting). After reviewing Garrett v. United States, 471 U.S. 773, 105 S.Ct. 2407, 85 L.Ed.2d 764 (1985), where the United States Supreme
“The General Assembly has chosen to make the delivery of between 15 and 100 grams of cocaine a Class X felony, while it has made the later-enacted narcotics racketeering a Class 1 felony. This scheme is indicative of the legislature‘s intent to make large-scale drug delivery a more serious offense than the receipt of income from multiple, smaller drug offenses, rather than a lesser-included offense.” 331 Ill.App.3d at 994, 265 Ill. Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855.
We allowed the State‘s petition for leave to appeal. 177 Ill.2d R. 315(a).
ANALYSIS
In its appeal, the State raises three issues: (1) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition because it was untimely; (2) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant‘s petition because ineffective assistance of counsel claims are not cognizable in section 2-1401 proceedings; and (3) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant‘s petition because unlawful delivery of a controlled substance is not a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering. We review the trial court‘s dismissal of the defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition for an abuse of discretion. See People v. Haynes, 192 Ill.2d 437, 461, 249 Ill.Dec. 779, 737 N.E.2d 169 (2000).
Section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure, formerly section 72 of the Civil Practice Act, provides a comprehensive statutory procedure by which final orders and judgments may be challenged more than 30 days after their entry. People v. Harvey, 196 Ill.2d 444, 447, 257 Ill.Dec. 98, 753 N.E.2d 293 (2001) (stating that section 2-1401 provides a civil remedy, which also applies to criminal cases). A section 2-1401 petition filed more than two years after the challenged judgment cannot be considered absent a clear showing that the person seeking relief was under a legal disability or duress or the grounds for relief were fraudulently concealed. People v. Caballero, 179 Ill.2d 205, 210-11, 227 Ill.Dec. 965, 688 N.E.2d 658 (1997); see
The defendant was convicted on August 23, 1991, but he did not file his pro se section 2-1401 petition until October 17, 1997, well beyond the two-year limitations period. The State did not raise the timeliness issue before the trial court, though it did raise that issue in answering the defendant‘s appeal. The State refers us to the “well-established rule” that a prevailing party may raise issues on appeal that were not raised at trial.
We agree with the State that, generally, an appellee may raise any arguments in support of the trial court‘s judgment, even though they were not raised before the trial court, provided they have a sufficient factual basis before the trial court. See People v. Monroe, 118 Ill.2d 298, 300, 113 Ill.Dec. 233, 515 N.E.2d 42 (1987); see also People v. Schott, 145 Ill.2d 188, 201, 164 Ill.Dec. 127, 582 N.E.2d 690
“Here, although the facts support the conclusion that defendant did not file his petition within the time limits found in section 122-1, that section allows a defendant to file a petition outside the limitations period if the late filing is not due to the defendant‘s culpable negligence. [Citation.] By not raising this issue until the cause was on appeal, the State has effectively precluded defendant from seeking to amend his petition to allege facts demonstrating that the late filing was not caused by his culpable negligence. While we recognize that section 122-1 requires the defendant to allege the facts demonstrating a lack of culpable negligence, we do not believe that this requirement allows the State to wait until an appeal to raise an affirmative defense that the defendant may be able to avoid by amending his petition. By failing to raise this issue below, the State has waived its right to argue that the defendant‘s petition is untimely.” Wright, 189 Ill.2d at 11, 243 Ill.Dec. 198, 723 N.E.2d 230.
Just as the Post-Conviction Hearing Act has an exception to its limitations period for delays not attributable to the defendant‘s culpable negligence (see
In a legal memorandum supporting his pro se section 2-1401 petition, the defendant claimed, inter alia, that he was deprived of “his Fifth Amendment Right to be protected from conviction and multiple punishments for the same conduct” because he was convicted and sentenced for both unlawful delivery and narcotics racketeering. Before the appellate court, the defendant dropped this constitutional characterization of the issue and simply argued that the delivery convictions were lesser-included offenses of the narcotics racketeering conviction under the so-called charging instrument approach and, accordingly, they should be vacated. Here, the State argues that the charging instrument approach subverts the legislature‘s intent that narcotics racketeering supplement existing drug trafficking sanctions.
This issue is still essentially a constitutional issue. The prohibition against double jeopardy (see
To obtain relief under section 2-1401, the defendant “must affirmatively set forth specific factual allegations supporting each of the following elements: (1) the existence of a meritorious defense or claim; (2) due diligence in presenting this defense or claim to the circuit court in the original action; and (3) due diligence in filing the section 2-1401 petition for relief.” Smith v. Airoom, Inc., 114 Ill.2d 209, 220-21, 102 Ill.Dec. 368, 499 N.E.2d 1381 (1986); accord Kaput v. Hoey, 124 Ill.2d 370, 378, 125 Ill.Dec. 202, 530 N.E.2d 230 (1988). That is, in order to obtain relief under section 2-1401, the defendant must show both a meritorious defense to the charges against him and due diligence in presenting it.
A meritorious defense under section 2-1401 involves errors of fact, not law. See Haynes, 192 Ill.2d at 461, 249 Ill.Dec. 779, 737 N.E.2d 169; see also Burns v. People, 9 Ill.2d 477, 480, 138 N.E.2d 525 (1956) (noting that a section 72 motion “is not available for the purpose of correcting errors at law” such as ineffective assistance of counsel). As we have stated:
“A section 2-1401 petition for relief from a final judgment is the forum in a criminal case in which to correct all errors of fact occurring in the prosecution of a cause, unknown to the petitioner and court at the time judgment was entered, which, if then known, would have prevented its rendition. [Citations.] A section 2-1401 petition, however, is `not designed to provide a general review of all trial errors nor to substitute for direct appeal.‘” Haynes, 192 Ill.2d at 461, 249 Ill.Dec. 779, 737 N.E.2d 169, quoting People v. Berland, 74 Ill.2d 286, 314, 24 Ill.Dec. 508, 385 N.E.2d 649 (1978).
For this reason, a section 2-1401 petition differs from a postconviction petition. A postconviction petition requires the court to decide whether the defendant‘s constitutional rights were violated at trial (see
We have long held that section 2-1401 proceedings are not an appropriate forum for ineffective-assistance claims because such claims do not challenge the factual basis for the judgment. See People v. Anderson, 31 Ill.2d 262, 264, 201 N.E.2d 394 (1964); accord People v. Smith, 176 Ill.App.3d 132, 136, 125 Ill.Dec. 695, 530 N.E.2d 1104 (1988). The appellate court here correctly refused to disturb the ruling of the trial court denying relief to the defendant on his claims that his trial and appeal attorneys were ineffective. Before the appellate court, the defendant also asserted that his section 2-1401 attorney was ineffective for failing to raise the lesser-included offense issue. That court agreed with the defendant. The State now contends that the defendant was not entitled to effective assistance of counsel in the section 2-1401 proceeding.
The right to assistance of counsel at trial is derived from the sixth amendment, but the right to assistance of counsel in collateral postconviction proceedings is a matter of legislative grace. People v. Owens, 139 Ill.2d 351, 364, 151 Ill.Dec. 522, 564 N.E.2d 1184 (1990); People v. Porter, 122 Ill.2d 64, 73, 118 Ill.Dec. 465, 521 N.E.2d 1158 (1988). A defendant may not properly assert a constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel (see People v. Davis, 156 Ill.2d 149, 159, 189 Ill.Dec. 49, 619 N.E.2d 750 (1993)) because a postconviction petitioner is guaranteed only the level of assistance provided by the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. See People v. Flores, 153 Ill.2d 264, 276, 180 Ill.Dec. 1, 606 N.E.2d 1078 (1992); see also People v. Wright, 149 Ill.2d 36, 64, 171 Ill.Dec. 424, 594 N.E.2d 276 (1992) (postconviction petitioners are guaranteed a “reasonable” level of assistance); 134 Ill.2d R. 651(c).
“This distinction is rational, because trial counsel plays a different role than counsel in post-conviction proceedings. [Citation.] At trial, counsel acts as a shield to protect defendants from being `haled into court’ by the State and stripped of their presumption of innocence. [Citation.] Post-conviction petitioners, however, have already been stripped of the presumption of innocence, and have generally failed to obtain relief on appellate review of their convictions. * * * Counsel are appointed to represent post-conviction petitioners, not to protect them from the prosecutorial forces of the State, but to shape their complaints into the proper legal form and to present those complaints to the court.” Owens, 139 Ill.2d at 364-65, 151 Ill.Dec. 522, 564 N.E.2d 1184.
The defendant here is not a postconviction petitioner, but instead a section 2-1401 petitioner. Section 2-1401
In his cross-appeal, the defendant raises one issue: whether the appellate court erred in refusing to grant relief on his claim that an extended-term sentence for narcotics racketeering was improper.
The Unified Code of Corrections allows an extended term sentence only “for the class of the most serious offense of which the offender was convicted.” Ill. Rev.Stat.1989, ch. 38, par. 1005-8-2(a), currently codified as
Because the appellate court erred in vacating the defendant‘s unlawful delivery convictions, it also erred in refusing to vacate the sentence on his narcotics racketeering conviction. See People v. Arna, 168 Ill.2d 107, 113, 212 Ill.Dec. 963, 658 N.E.2d 445 (1995) (“A sentence which does not conform to a statutory requirement is void“). In the exercise of our supervisory authority, we impose a 15-year sentence on the defendant‘s narcotics racketeering conviction (see
CONCLUSION
For the reasons that we have discussed, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court as modified.
Appellate court judgment reversed; circuit court judgment affirmed as modified.
Justice FREEMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
The court today holds that the appellate court erred in applying the familiar Strickland standard to defendant‘s claim that his section 2-1401 attorney rendered him ineffective assistance of counsel. While I agree that the Strickland analysis is inapplicable under these circumstances, I disagree with the court‘s treatment of defendant‘s contention and, as a result, cannot join in that portion of its opinion.
I
Defendant began these collateral proceedings by filing a pro se section 2-1401 petition for relief. In the petition, defendant alleged two distinct reasons for claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant asserted that he met with his trial attorney after sentencing and expressed
The transcripts reveal that the circuit court was concerned about defendant‘s pro se allegations and, to that end, appointed counsel for defendant. Counsel thereafter filed an “Amended Petition to Reduce Sentence.” The record reveals, however, that defendant was dissatisfied with his appointed counsel and that he moved to have her dismissed and be allowed to proceed pro se.2 The court denied that motion and eventually denied relief on defendant‘s petition.
On appeal, defendant argued that the circuit court erred in denying his petition.3 He claimed that his convictions violated the double jeopardy clause and that all of his attorneys, including the one appointed in the collateral proceeding, had rendered constitutionally infirm assistance by failing to raise the issue. The State raised three arguments in support of the circuit court‘s judgment. The State first argued that defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition was untimely. The State further argued that, under Strickland, counsel was not ineffective for either failing to argue the vacatur of the convictions on the lesser-included offenses or failing to move to reduce sentence.
The appellate court began its opinion by noting that the State‘s contention, raised for the first time in its appellate brief, that defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition was untimely, was waived. 331 Ill.App.3d at 986, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. The appellate court then noted that defendant‘s contentions concerned ineffective assistance of counsel claims at the sentencing, appeal, and petition stages of this case because none of the attorneys raised certain sentencing issues. 331 Ill.App.3d at 986, 265 Ill.Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. The court did not consider any of these arguments, however, because “the ineffectiveness of counsel is not appropriate for review in a proceeding under section 2-1401.” 331 Ill.App.3d at 986-87, 265 Ill. Dec. 484, 772 N.E.2d 855. The appellate court, however, agreed with defendant that
In today‘s opinion, this court explains that the appellate court correctly refused to consider the claims raised in the section 2-1401 petition regarding the ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. The court points out that such claims are more properly raised in proceedings under our Post-Conviction Hearing Act. 207 Ill.2d at 564-66, 280 Ill.Dec. at 317-319, 802 N.E.2d at 242-244. I agree. The Act is the proper vehicle in which to raise collateral constitutional challenges to a conviction. The court goes on to note, however, that the appellate court erred in holding that defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel from his section 2-1401 attorney.
As an initial matter, it must be remembered that our Post-Conviction Hearing Act (
My review of the transcripts in this case reveals that the circuit court attempted to treat defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition as a postconviction pleading in conformity with this court‘s directive in Twomey. My conclusion is supported by several facts which are established by the record. First, defendant‘s pro se claims were couched in terms of a constitutional violation—ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel, which would serve as the constitutional predicate necessary for pleading an action under the Act. Second, the trial judge appointed counsel to defendant because she believed that defendant‘s claims of error were substantial enough to warrant professional legal assistance. I note that section 2-1401 does not provide for the appointment of counsel, but the Act does. Third, the trial judge referred to the Act on several occasions as evinced by her comments in the transcripts, in one instance going so far as to cite the standard necessary to survive dismissal
In this appeal, however, the court dismisses the relevance of Twomey by stating that any argument based on Twomey would fail because
“although [defendant‘s] initial petition was pro se, his amended petition, which is the subject of this appeal, was prepared by an attorney and clearly brought under section 2-1401.” 207 Ill.2d at 566, 280 Ill.Dec. at 319, 802 N.E.2d at 244.
Thus, according to the court, because defendant received the benefit of counsel, we need not treat the section 2-1401 petition as a postconviction petition.
Having concluded that the presence of counsel in this case renders unnecessary our viewing defendant‘s section 2-1401 petition as a postconviction petition, the court goes on to discuss whether the appellate court erred in holding that defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel at the section 2-1401 proceedings. The court notes correctly that a petitioner seeking relief pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act is guaranteed only the level of assistance provided under the Act, which this court has ruled is a “reasonable” level of assistance. 207 Ill.2d at 567, 280 Ill. Dec. at 319, 802 N.E.2d at 244. The court points out that defendant here is not proceeding under the Act, but rather is proceeding pursuant to section 2-1401. The court states:
“Section 2-1401 does not specify any level of assistance, and the appellate court erroneously applied the Strickland standard to the defendant‘s claim that his section 2-1401 attorney was ineffective. Assuming that the defendant was entitled to the same level of assistance on his section 2-1401 petition as on a postconviction petition, the defendant did not receive unreasonable assistance. The defendant‘s attorney was not unreasonable for failing to raise a putative legal error in a proceeding where only fact errors are cognizable.” 207 Ill.2d at 568, 280 Ill.Dec. at 320, 802 N.E.2d at 245.
I agree that the appellate court was incorrect in applying a Strickland analysis to defendant‘s claim. However, I cannot agree that defendant received “reasonable” assistance of counsel under these facts.
The claims asserted by defendant in his pro se petition clearly form the basis of relief under a postconviction proceeding. The trial court clearly recognized as much and sought to appoint counsel to aid defendant in the presentation of his claims. Under the court‘s ruling today, however, defendant would have been better off without the appointment of counsel because then each court at every level would have been obligated to treat his allegations as a postconviction petition filed under the Act. Defendant‘s pro se petition contained claims of ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel, based on (i) the failure to raise the lesser-included offenses issue and (ii) the failure to seek reduction of the 30-year sentence. Today‘s opinion does not address whether appointed counsel was reasonable in her representation where she neglected to redraft these obvious constitutional contentions into the proper legal form, i.e., a petition under the
I am disturbed that my colleagues are content to say that counsel‘s representation was not unreasonable under these facts and that, because of this, we need not concern ourselves with the substance of defendant‘s claims. I would posit that an attorney who makes such a fundamental mistake has not provided any level of assistance to his or her client, let alone a “reasonable” level of assistance. In my view, appointed counsel should have recognized that defendant‘s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel had to be redrafted in the form of a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. Moreover, any determination regarding the reasonableness of counsel‘s actions would require this court to review the merits of defendant‘s claim, i.e., whether his contention regarding the lesser-included offenses was meritorious. If that claim is not meritorious, then counsel could not be faulted for failing to raise or redraft a nonmeritorious claim in postconviction form. Therefore, I disagree with the court‘s decision, “declin[ing] to reach” the issue regarding whether illegal delivery is a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering. 207 Ill.2d at 565, 280 Ill.Dec. at 317, 802 N.E.2d at 242.
Today‘s decision is notable in that defendant is told that he chose the wrong legal forum to raise his challenge, but that the lawyer was reasonable for ignoring the claim because it was not cognizable under section 2-1401. Ironically, this is the same lawyer to whom defendant, in the circuit court, presciently characterized as having had no understanding of this case. By its actions today, the court confirms defendant‘s suspicions.
II
The resolution of defendant‘s cross-appeal is necessarily impacted by the conclusion reached on the lesser-included offenses
III
In this case, defendant attempted to raise several constitutional challenges to his sentences for illegal delivery and narcotics racketeering. Unfortunately for defendant, he erroneously utilized the wrong legal vehicle to raise these challenges. Notwithstanding the circuit court‘s appointment of counsel, defendant‘s claims are still out of our reach because his attorney failed to shape his contentions into the proper legal form and that failure is deemed “reasonable” by my colleagues. This conclusion is reached without first assessing whether defendant‘s constitutional challenges have merit. This is troubling since two appellate justices believe that defendant‘s convictions violated the single act rule, which has its basis in the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution. See People v. King, 66 Ill.2d 551, 6 Ill.Dec. 891, 363 N.E.2d 838 (1977) (and cases cited therein). Under these circumstances, our inquiry into whether appointed counsel rendered “reasonable” representation to defendant in these proceedings should consist of more than the court‘s single sentence, which concludes that counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the legal argument in the section 2-1401 petition. See 207 Ill.2d at 568, 280 Ill.Dec. at 319-320, 802 N.E.2d at 244-245. The proper inquiry, in my view, is whether counsel acted reasonably in declining to redraft defendant‘s pro se contention regarding the lesser-included offenses issue into the proper legal form. Such an inquiry is particularly apt in this case where the record affirmatively demonstrates that defendant was so dissatisfied with his attorney that he sought leave to proceed pro se.
Chief Justice McMORROW joins in this partial concurrence and partial dissent.