People v. Perry, 78 P. 284

People v. Perry

78 P. 284 | Cal. | 1904

Lead Opinion

The defendant was convicted in the superior court of Humboldt County of burglary in the first degree and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. He moved for a new trial, which was denied, and the appeal is taken from the judgment, and also from the order denying a new trial. The questions presented by the appellant on the appeal are: 1. Misconduct of the district attorney; 2. Error in the admission of evidence; 3. Errors in giving and refusing certain instructions. *750

1. It seems the defendant formerly resided at Pinole, in Contra Costa County, and at the trial certain witnesses who resided there were produced by the defendant to give testimony as to his good character for "honesty and integrity as a law-abiding citizen." On cross-examination they were asked by the district attorney whether they had ever heard "that the defendant was charged with burglary in the city and county of San Francisco in February, 1899," and also whether they had heard "that he was convicted of petit larceny on February 20, 1899, before the police court of the city and county of San Francisco." When the first of this class of questions was asked an objection was made to the cross-examination, which was overruled by the court, but no exception was taken by the defendant to the ruling, and no further objection or exception was made in reference to such testimony. In People v. Gordon, 103 Cal. 573, it is said that a witness "having testified as to the defendant's general good character, his opinion and the value of it may be tested by asking the witness, on cross-examination, whether he has ever heard that the person in question has been accused of doing acts wholly inconsistent with the character which he has attributed to him." And in People v. Mayes, 113 Cal. 624, it is said: "While it is not permissible to give evidence of wrongful acts for the purpose of impeaching the witness, it is proper upon cross-examination of a witness who has given testimony, either for sustaining or impeaching the credibility of another witness, to question him with reference to his knowledge of specific acts, and with reference to the specific acts themselves, for the purpose of overcoming the effect of his testimony upon the direct examination." Such questions should not be asked by a district attorney in the absence of information warranting a reasonable belief on his part that the fact is as implied by the questions; in other words, the questions should not be asked for the mere purpose of getting before the jury an intimation that the defendant had theretofore been guilty of specific acts of misconduct; and where it is apparent that such is the only object of the questions it is undoubtedly misconduct on the part of the district attorney. We cannot, however, say that this appears to be the case here.

Appellant also complains that the district attorney, on the *751 day before the trial, asked some of these character witnesses if they had heard of the matter covered by the questions referred to. The district attorney, the same as an attorney for any party, may ask a witness while out of court and not under the binding obligation of an oath if certain matters are within his knowledge, and is not bound by answers that may be given when not on the witness-stand. The district attorney may have thought, and probably did think, that these witnesses, friends of the defendant, who had traveled a great distance to be of service to him, would not admit when not under oath any facts detrimental to his cause, and had a right on cross-examination, as already stated, to ask the questions referred to.

It is also complained that the district attorney was guilty of misconduct in his argument to the jury to the prejudice of the defendant. The record in reference to this matter is as follows: "In the argument of counsel for the defendant, in discussing the questions asked by the district attorney of the witnesses produced by the defendant on good character, as to whether or not they had heard that the defendant was charged with burglary and convicted of petit larceny in San Francisco in 1899, he stated that no evidence was produced by the people to show that the defendant had in fact suffered a prior conviction of petit larceny, or been charged with burglary, and then and there stated to the jury that the cross-examination of said witnesses was merely a trick or scheme on the part of the district attorney to get evidence before the jury of facts that never existed. Thereupon the district attorney took exception to the remark of defendant's counsel, and the court thereupon stated to defendant's counsel that such evidence had been introduced under the ruling of the court, and that consequently its introduction could not be legitimately denominated a trick, and should not therefore be so characterized. Immediately after defendant's counsel asked the clerk of the court for the information herein and upon receiving the same from the clerk, he then read the entire information and exhibited the same to the jury for the purpose then stated of showing that the prior conviction was not charged in said information, and that in the absence thereof it was presumed that none existed; and while so exhibiting said information to the jury, used substantially the following *752 language: `If it is a fact that the defendant has suffered a prior conviction of petit larceny, why did not the district attorney charge such prior conviction in the information in this case?'

"During the closing argument of the district attorney the following occurred: —

"Dist. Atty. — Mr. Quinn has asked you the question why have we not charged a prior conviction of petit larceny in the information in this case. I will answer him. I am glad he has given me an opportunity to answer him, and I will tell you now the reason it was not charged was because when the information was drawn I was not in possession of the knowledge that he had suffered a prior conviction of petit larceny. That is the reason he was not charged and therefore I could not charge it afterwards.

"Mr. Quinn. — At this time I take an exception to that.

"Dist. Atty. — You have asked me the question why it was.

"Court. — I don't think it is proper on either side to discuss that question.

"Dist. Atty. — I don't intend to.

"Court. — As to whether or not there was a prior conviction and why if at all it does not appear to have been charged in the information in this case, either upon the one side or the other — neither upon the one side or the other, do I think it is a proper matter for the consideration of the jury.

"Dist. Atty. — I don't think so, either, but inasmuch as he challenged me I thought it was fair. He placed me in a position that I am not willing to answer the challenge.

"Mr. Quinn. — I would like the reporter to note an exception to the remark made by the attorney.

"The Court. — I have directed the jury not to pay the least regard to that matter, one way or the other.

"Dist. Atty. — If you withdraw your statements made in connection with the same matter I will withdraw mine.

"Mr. Quinn. — I will take an exception, that is all."

Nothing prejudicial to the defendant's interests is here shown. Though the answer of the district attorney was called for by the question of defendant's counsel, it would have been better if the district attorney had not made the statement complained of. There was no evidence in the case to show that the defendant had ever been convicted of petit larceny, *753 and therefore defendant's counsel was justified in so arguing to the jury. The district attorney in his answer to defendant's counsel rather intimated, however, that as a matter of fact there had been such a conviction. But the jury were instructed by the court that the matter was not for their consideration, and that they were not to pay the least regard to the matter one way or the other. Presumably, they followed the instruction of the court in this regard.

From the fact that this court has in many cases been constrained to animadvert upon the conduct of district attorneys in transcending the bounds of propriety in their zeal to obtain a conviction, as is said in People v. Ward, 105 Cal. 340, "There seems to be a disposition on the part of counsel for defendants in all criminal cases, since the decision in People v. Wells,100 Cal. 459, to count upon the alleged misconduct of the prosecution as cause for a reversal." And the court there remarks that the case referred to — to wit, People v. Wells — was an extreme case, where the assistant district attorney had willfully and persistently offered incompetent evidence to prejudice the defendant so that the animus of the prosecution was very apparent, and the court deemed it but just to stamp it with the seal of disapprobation, and remarks that it is only in extreme cases that the remedy there administered applies. This case clearly does not fall within the class of cases referred to by this court as extreme cases demanding any particular consideration.

2. The witness Georgia Wood, who had testified in behalf of the defendant, stated on cross-examination that she was "not so very friendly" with him. In rebuttal the under-sheriff, in answer to a question by the prosecution, testified that during the trial, in the courthouse corridor, he met witness Georgia Wood and two other ladies, one being defendant's wife, and they all, Georgia Wood included, then and there kissed defendant. The court refused to strike out this testimony on defendant's motion, on the ground that it was admitted simply for the purpose of showing the friendly feeling between the witness Georgia Wood and defendant.

Although defendant's counsel contends that it was error to refuse to strike out this testimony, he is not very clear whether this worked to the prejudice of the defendant or not, as he says: "It would be very hard to judge just what effect *754 such testimony would have on the jury." This being the case, it is very clear that it did not affect the substantial rights of the defendant.

3. The contention of appellant with reference to the instructions is, that the first one given in behalf of the people is erroneous. This instruction is, that if the defendant entered the building in question in the night-time — that is, between sunset of one day and sunrise of another day — with the intent to commit larceny, the jury will find him guilty of burglary in the first degree. This is in strict compliance with the provisions of the code. (Pen. Code, secs. 460, 463.) The criticism upon instructions 11, 12 and 13 in behalf of the people seems to be that they stated the law on the subject "altogether too strong," and were therefore "harmful." But merely stating the law too emphatically furnishes no ground for reversal. Instructions 9, 10, 11 and 12, asked for by the defendant and refused by the court, were properly refused. There was no evidence upon which to base the same. Appellant's defense was, that he was drunk, and did not know anything about the crime. There was no evidence showing that the defendant received the stolen property from any other person "knowing that it was stolen," or that he "received the goods with the suspicion of the other's rightful ownership." Instruction 20, asked for by defendant and refused, is as follows: "If, after a consideration of the whole case, any juror should entertain a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant, it is the duty of such juror so entertaining such doubt not to vote for a verdict of guilty, nor to be influenced, in so voting, for the single reason that a majority of the jury should be in favor of a verdict of guilty." Appellant contends that the refusal to give this instruction was error justifying a reversal, and relies upon People v. Dole,122 Cal. 486,¹ in support of his contention. The court there says that the instruction correctly stated the duty of a juror and should have been given, but adds, "if any juror needed an instruction upon this point, it was harmful to refuse it; if no juror needed the instruction, it would have been harmless to give it." But that case was not reversed solely or principally upon the refusal to give that instruction, but mainly upon other errors of the trial court referred to in the opinion *755 in that case. In the later case of People v. Rodley, 131 Cal. 259, this court says on this subject: "Juries are impaneled for the purpose of agreeing upon verdicts if they can conscientiously do so. They are admonished at each recess of the court not to form an opinion as to the merits of the case until it shall be finally submitted to them, and when it is so submitted it is the duty of jurors to deliberate and consult together with the view of reaching an agreement if they can without violence to their individual understanding of the evidence and instructions of the court. They should not be lectured by the court to make them strong and steadfast in their individual opinions; neither should they be exhorted to reach an agreement, and while it is probably true that `each juror should decide the matter for himself,' yet he should do so only after a consideration of the case with his fellow-jurors, and he should not hestitate to `sacrifice his views or opinions of the case' when convinced that they are erroneous, even though in so doing he defer `to the views or opinions of others.'" By an instruction previously given, however, in the case at bar the court states to the jury, "This case, like all other cases where crime is charged, should be determined by the jury upon the evidence before them, and upon that alone, and no juror acting conscientiously can base his verdict upon any other consideration." And in one of the instructions given at the request of the defendant the court stated to the jury, "To warrant a conviction of the defendant he must be proved to be guilty clearly and conclusively so that there is no reasonable theory upon which he can be innocent when all the evidence in the case is considered together." And again, "You will not be warranted in returning a verdict of guilty unless you find that the evidence excludes to a moral certainty every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt, and the conviction of guilt must flow naturally from the facts proved, and not from any forced or constrained construction, and must be consistent with all the facts, for if any one fact is entirely inconsistent with the conclusion of guilt, your verdict must be not guilty, and in cases of reasonable doubt it is your duty to acquit." And again, "There must be in your minds an abiding conviction to a moral certainty of the truth of the charge derived from a comparison and consideration of all the evidence; you must be satisfied with the truth *756 of the accusation against the defendant to a moral certainty and beyond all reasonable doubt, or your verdict must be not guilty." Similar instructions were repeated over and over, so that there can be no question that the case was so submitted to the jury as to guard in every possible way the rights of the defendant to a fair and impartial trial.

We fail to find any error justifying a reversal in this case.

Judgment and order appealed from affirmed.

Angellotti, J., concurred.

¹ 68 Am. St. Rep. 50.

Concurrence Opinion

I concur in the opinion of Justice Van Dyke. In People v.Howard, 143 Cal. 316, I approved the concurring opinion of the chief justice, in which it was held error to refuse an instruction similar to defendant's instruction No. 20 here involved. At that time my attention had not been called to the case of the People v. Rodley, 131 Cal. 259, cited in the opinion of Justice Van Dyke. Upon further consideration of the question I am satisfied that the refusal of such an instruction should not be considered an error of sufficient importance to justify a reversal in any case where the jury are fully instructed that the verdict must be based upon the evidence alone. Each juror is required at the beginning of the trial to take an oath that he will well and truly try the matter in issue and a true verdict render according to the evidence. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 604; Pen. Code, sec. 1046.) The proposed instruction assumes that an instruction from the court is necessary to inform a juror that this oath means that he is to act upon his own judgment, or that it is necessary to inform him that, after having taken such an oath, it would be a violation of it to render a verdict because a majority of the jury believed it to be according to the evidence, although he himself did not so believe. The defendant has no right, as matter of law, to be so safeguarded against the misconduct of the jurors. Section 1258 of the Penal Code provides that this court on appeal must disregard "exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties." An exception which involves nothing more important than the failure of the court to protect the defendant against the very remote contingency that some juror may so misunderstand or disregard his oath and the other instructions, or the equally remote contingency that such a *757 juror would be prevented from so doing by an instruction such as that here involved, does not, in my opinion, affect the substantial rights of the defendant.