160 N.Y.S. 318 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1916
Lead Opinion
The defendant appeals from a judgment of Special Sessions, convicting it of a violation of the Labor Law in connection with, a building at 434-438 Broadway, city of New York.
Section 79-b of the Labor Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 31 [Laws of 1909, chap. 36], added by Laws of 1913, chap. 461, as amd. by Laws of 1914, chaps. 182, 366, and Laws of 1915, chap. 719) provides in part that no factory shall be conducted in any building theretofore erected unless such building, if over two stories in height, shall be provided on each floor with at least two means of exit or escape from fire of the character described in the section. The building in question was nine stories in height; and while no proof was offered that it was erected prior to the enactment of section 79-b, that fact sufficiently appears from the defendant’s admissions shown at the trial that the building was subject to the requirements of the section. Proof was given, and it is not disputed, that a factory was being conducted in the building and that the building did not comply with the requirements of the section in November, 1915, at the time of the offense charged. The Labor Law was, therefore, being violated; and the only question presented by this appeal is whether the defendant, which did not own the building, could be held responsible for the violation and punished under section 1275 of the Penal Law (as amd. by Laws of 1913, chap. 349), which provides that any person who violates or does not comply with any provision of the Labor Law is guilty of a misdemeanor.
The conviction of the defendant was based entirely upon section 94 of the Labor Law. That section (as amd. by Laws of
The italicized words have not been construed in any case that has been cited to us except People v. Pullman (166 App. Div. 99), and that case is of little help, since it was decided upon another point, and the question here presented was barely mentioned. That the defendant in the present case was the agent in charge of the property, in the sense in which those words are used in the statute, can hardly be disputed. This was illustrated at the trial, when one of its managers, in answer to a question whether the defendant was in charge of the property at the time for the owner, replied that it was. And when the purpose of the statute is considered it seems to me that the meaning ordinarily given to those words was unquestionably the meaning intended.
In a large city like Hew York the owner of a building • similar to the one in question rarely, if ever, resides in it, and seldom personally undertakes its management. In the great majority of cases the building is placed in the hands of an agent, to whom applications for renting space are made, and who conducts all dealings with the tenants. The owner may be, and frequently is, a non-resident, not subject to the jurisdiction of our courts. But the agent is, necessarily, familiar with the conditions existing in the building and available for complaints in connection therewith. In making the agent in charge of the property responsible for the observance of the
The defendant was such an agent. Notice of the violation in question was served upon it in April, 1915, by the bureau of inspection of the Department of Labor, and it at once took up with the owner the question of making the necessary alterations. It had on prior occasions complied with similar orders relating to minor details; but it had no authority'from the owner to make such extensive alterations, and, for reasons which it is unnecessary to discuss, the alterations were not made and the violation was allowed to continue for several months.
I do not think that the fact that an agent for a building, like the defendant in the case at bar, may not have authority to make the required alterations is by any means decisive of the question. Section 79-b does not provide that every tenant-factory shall be equipped with the two described means of exit on each floor. It provides only that no factory shall be conducted in any building theretofore erected unless the two means of exit shall be provided. It is not the failure to equip the building in the prescribed manner that violates the law, it is the maintenance of a factory in a building not properly equipped, and the violation can be terminated either by altering the building or by discontinuing the factory. Under section 94 both the actual owner and the respective tenants are made responsible if a factory is conducted in a building in violation of section 79-b, and I think it is clear that the agent in charge of the building should likewise be held responsible.
The agent knows whether the building complies with the requirements of section 79-b. He also knows whether the leases permit the tenants to conduct factories in the building. If factories are permitted in the leases in a building not conforming to the law there is no reason why the agent should not be held responsible. If a tenant conducts a factory without permission to do so in his lease in violation of the law the agent is sure to find it out and it is his duty to see that the violation is stopped. If he continues to act as agent for the building,
Under this construction the statute is an effective weapon against non-resident owners, for, if agents refuse to take or continue in charge of buildings where such violations exist, the owners must either make the necessary alterations or take charge of the buildings themselves and thus render themselves amenable to prosecution. Under any other construction non-' resident owners and their agents could permit violations of the statute to continue with impunity.
What has been said disposes of the constitutional question raised by the appellant, if that is properly before us. No one has any vested or constitutional right to act as agent for a building in which a violation of the law is being maintained. The appellant has not been found guilty because .the owner failed to make the alterations directed by the bureau of inspection, but because it remained in charge of the building knowing that the law was being violated there. It could have escaped liability either by terminating the violation or by ceasing to act as agent, but it did neither. It was entirely competent for the Legislature to say that, by voluntarily remaining as agent in charge of the building when it knew that the Labor. Law was being violated there, it became particeps criminis, and punishable, as well as the owner, for the existing violation.
Under the circumstances disclosed in the record, however, I think that the sentence was properly suspended.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Clarke, P. J., and Davis, J., concurred; Scott and Dowling, JJ., dissented.
Dissenting Opinion
The defendant, a corporation, appeals from a judgment of the Court of Special Sessions convicting it of a misdemeanor.
The information charges that on November 12, 1915, the defendant was “in charge and control” of a certain factory
The defendant was charged with a violation of section 79-b of the Labor Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 31 [Laws of 1909, chap. 36], added by Laws of 1913, chap. 461, as amd. by Laws of 1914, chaps. 182, 366, and Laws of 1915, chap. 719), and there is no doubt that the building in question was maintained in violation of that section in so far as concerns the exits and means of escape, and the only question in the case is whether, under the provisions of the Labor Law, this defendant is liable, criminally for the failure to observe the requirements of the statute.
Section 1275 of the Penal Law (as amd. by Laws of 1913, chap. 349) makes the violation of the above quoted (or any other) provision of the Labor Law a misdemeanor and provides that “Any person who violates or does not comply with any provision of the Labor Law * * * is guilty of a misdemeanor.”
Section 94 of the Labor Law (as amd. by Laws of 1915, chap. 653) provides that “The owner, whether or not he is also one of the occupants, instead of the respective lessees or tenants, shall be responsible for the observance and punishable for' the nonobservance of the following provisions of this article, anything in any lease to the contrary notwithstanding, namely, the provisions of sections * * * seventy-nine-b * * * .”
If this prosecution was against the owner of the property in question there would seem to be no doubt that a conviction would be justified. But it is conceded that this defendant was not the owner, but only an agent of the owner.
That portion of section 94 (as amended) under which it is sought to hold this defendant vicariously liable criminally, provides that “The term ‘owner’ as used in this article shall be construed to mean the owner or owners of the freehold of the premises, or the lessee or joint lessees of the whole thereof, or his, her or their agent in charge of the property. ”
It is sought to uphold the judgment of conviction upon the ground that defendant is the “ agent in charge of the property.” The nature and extent of the defendant’s agency
It seems to me that to hold, under these circumstances, that the defendant was an “agent in charge of the property” is to strain the language of the statute beyond all reason. An agent “in charge of” property must mean an agent who has some authority and responsibility regarding it, and when an agent is sought to be held criminally liable for having failed to do something regarding the property, it should at least appear that the terms of his agency were such that he had the power to do that for the non-doing of which he is sought to be punished as a criminal. It is no answer to say that he ought to insist upon having such power, for the terms of an agency are, in general, to be determined by the principal. The act is doubtless a highly beneficial one which should be strictly enforced, but not by prosecuting r as violators persons who had no power of compliance, and are, therefore, innocent of wrongdoing.
In my opinion the judgment should be reversed, and the defendant discharged.
Dowling, J., concurred.
Judgment affirmed.
