646 NYS2d 762 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1996
OPINION OF THE COURT
The defendants, Simona Patterson and Deshawn Smart, were each charged in an indictment with attempted murder in the second degree, assault in the first degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. Simona Patterson was also charged with the crimes of criminal facilitation in the fourth degree and tampering with physical evidence.
Defendant Smart was convicted of all counts and defendant Patterson was convicted of two counts of the indictment, namely criminal facilitation in the fourth degree and tampering with physical evidence. This decision expands on two rulings made by the court during trial — one concerning the request to charge a justification defense to possession of a weapon, and the second concerning the implication of the privilege against self-incrimination relating to a police officer’s failure to report the discharge of her firearm in violation of police procedure.
The first issue decided was whether defendant Smart was entitled to a charge of justification or in the alternative to a temporary and lawful possession instruction relating to the weapons counts. The second issue determined was whether the People would be allowed to show, as being relevant to the
The pertinent facts are as follows:
On July 12, 1995, defendants were leaving the Marcy Housing projects in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn when they met the complainant, Ronnie Williams, defendant Smart’s uncle. A heated argument ensued.
Smart requested and was granted a justification (self-defense) charge to the jury relating to the attempted murder and assault counts. (See, Penal Law § 35.15.) There was a view of the evidence in the light most favorable to the accused to support the justification charge, at least as to the initial use of the weapon. (People v Wesley, 76 NY2d 555, 559; People v Goetz, 68 NY2d 96, 113-115; People v McManus, 67 NY2d 541, 548; People v Watts, 57 NY2d 299, 301.) The court also charged the jury as to the use of excessive deadly force. (People v Taylor, 92 App Div 29, 32-33.)
Smart also requested a jury charge as to temporary and lawful possession relating to the weapons counts. This request to charge was granted and the appropriate law was given to the jury by the court.
It is clear that justification may excuse the otherwise unlawful use of a weapon, but it is difficult to imagine circumstances where it could excuse the unlawful possession of it. (People v Almodovar,
Defendant Patterson presented a more problematic issue. Patterson argued that the court should not permit testimony that she failed to report the discharge of her firearm in violation of police regulations requiring her to do so. Patterson contends that the admission of such evidence even if relevant to the tampering with physical evidence charge would be violative of her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination as to the other crimes charged in the indictment. (US Const 5th Amend.) Whenever a court is confronted with the question of a compelled disclosure that has an incriminatory potential, the judicial scrutiny is invariably a close one. (California v Byers, 402 US 424, 427.) This court after considering Patterson’s claim of privilege allowed such evidence finding no violation of Patterson’s right against self-incrimination.
There is no per se rule under the Fifth Amendment prohibiting the use of a defendant’s prearrest silence against him. (Jenkins v Anderson, 447 US 231 [Where there was no governmental action inducing a defendant to remain silent before arrest, there is no Fifth Amendment violation. Nor does the use of prearrest silence to impeach a defendant’s credibility deny him fundamental fairness under the Fourteenth Amendment]; People v Rothschild, 35 NY2d 355 [police officers under duty to inform superiors of undercover activities]; but see, People v Conyers, 52 NY2d 454, 459 [Evidence of a defendant’s postarrest silence is inadmissible because of State evidentiary rule that the potential for prejudice inherent in such evidence outweighs its probative worth in the absence of unusual circumstances. Such unusual circumstances existed in Rothschild. (People v Conyers, 49 NY2d 174, 178)].)
The Supreme Court has consistently struck down as violative of the privilege against self-incrimination the requirement of self-reporting from those engaged in conduct " 'inherently suspect of criminal activities’ ” (Marchetti v United States, 390 US 39, 52 [occupational and excise taxes on gambling required disclosures only of gamblers, the great majority of whom were likely to incriminate themselves by responding]; Grosso v United States, 390 US 62, 64 [gambling registration statute]; Haynes v United States, 360 US 85, 98 [petitioner prosecuted for failure to register a firearm]; Albertson v SACB, 382 US 70, 79 [order requiring registration by individual members of a
The New York Police Department Patrol Guide, Procedure No. 116-20, requires a police officer, whether on or off duty to
One may argue that Patterson in order to preserve her Fifth Amendment claim in a timely fashion should have reported the discharge and declined to make further statements while asserting the privilege. (California v Byers, 402 US, at 434, supra; United States v Sullivan, 274 US, at 264, supra; People v Mullady, 178 AD2d 614, 615.) The failure to interpose the privilege against self-incrimination may be lost by not asserting the defense in a timely manner. (Garner v United States, 424 US 648 [Taxpayer who provided occupation on tax return as gambler could not interpose Fifth Amendment objection to thwart introduction of tax return as evidence relating to illegal gambling charges. Proper procedure is to assert privilege on tax return and not to fail to file or to list an illegal occupation]; Maness v Meyers, 419 US 449; Gilbert, Annotation, Loss of Privilege Against Self-Incrimination by Individual As Result of His Action or Inaction Occurring When He Was Not Accused — Supreme Court Cases, 47 L Ed 2d 922 [1976].)
The mere possibility of incrimination is insufficient to defeat the strong policies in favor of a disclosure called for by statute or in this case by regulation like the one challenged here. (California v Byers, 402 US, at 428, supra.) To excuse a police officer from reporting the discharge of her weapon would be analogous to excusing a physician from reporting a death because she might be accused of criminal negligence. (People v Samuel, 29 NY2d, at 263, supra.) This court finds that the Police Department regulation requiring a police officer to report the discharge of her firearm is not violative of the Fifth Amendment.
Yet even assuming that the duty of a police officer to report the discharge of her firearm violated Patterson’s right against compulsory self-incrimination, the court’s ruling would remain unchanged. Pursuant to the Administrative Code of the City of
Patrol Guide, Procedure No. 118-9 of the Police Department of the City of New York deals with "Interrogation of Members of the Services.” This regulation provides that if there is a likelihood that criminal charges may result from an investigation certain warnings should be given. The warnings provide in pertinent part as follows: "If you do answer, neither your statements nor any information or evidence which is gained by reason of such statements can be used against you in any subsequent criminal proceedings”. Answers therefore may be compelled regardless of the privilege if immunity is granted of the use of the compelled testimony or its fruits in connection with a criminal prosecution against the person testifying. (Gardner v Broderick, 392 US 273, 276, citing Counselman v Hitchcock, 142 US 547, 585-586, and Murphy v Waterfront Commn., 378 US 52, 79.) Thus it is clear that Police Department regulations granting use immunity nullify any constitutional objections presented herein.
. At trial, it was never established what the argument was about and why it led to violence and shooting.
. The prosecutor sought to introduce into evidence three violations of Police Department regulations by Patterson, namely her failure to report a crime, her failure to safeguard her weapon, and her failure to report the discharge of her weapon. The prosecution contended that all three violations of department procedure were relevant to the tampering with physical evidence charge. The court ruled the failure to report the discharge of the weapon and the failure to report a crime to be relevant. In determining admissibility, the court found that the probative value of the evidence outweighed the potential for prejudice only for the failure to report the discharge of the weapon. (People v Molineux, 168 NY 264; People v Ventimiglia, 52 NY2d 350.)
. One ballistics expert testified that besides being cleaned, a firearm can fail to show evidence of discharge if it has been excessively oiled or placed in water. It was uncontroverted that the weapon contained a full magazine upon Patterson’s arrest. The weapon did not appear to have been excessively oiled.
. The trial court in Almodovar (supra) charged justification as to the attempted murder and assault count, but refused to so charge as to the weapons count. The court did, however, instruct the jury as to temporary and innocent possession of a weapon,