PEOPLE v PARKER
Docket No. 31252
84 MICH APP 447
July 5, 1978
Submitted October 5, 1977, at Grand Rapids.
The trial court erred in ruling the confession admissible where counsel had been requested but not provided, and the prosecution had not sustained its heavy burden of proof in showing that subsequent to his request for counsel, defendant knowingly and intelligently waived this right. The admission of the confession at trial was not harmless error.
Reversed and remanded.
REFERENCES FOR POINTS IN HEADNOTES
[1, 7]
[1-7]
Necessity of informing suspect of rights under privilege against self-incrimination, prior to police interrogation. 10 ALR3d 1054.
[2, 6]
[3]
[4]
[5]
OPINION OF THE COURT
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-INTERROGATION OF DEFENDANT-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT.
The interrogation of an individual must cease until an attorney is present where the individual states that he wants an attorney; at that time the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning; if the individual cannot obtain an attorney and indicates that he wants one before speaking to police, the police must respect the decision to remain silent.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-WAIVER-INTERROGATION OF DEFENDANT-BURDEN OF PROOF.
A person who has invoked his right to counsel may later waive that right without an attorney; however, if an interrogation continues without the presence of an attorney and a statement is taken, a heavy burden rests on the government to demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his privilege against self-incrimination and his right to retained or appointed counsel.
3. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT-ASSERTION OF RIGHTS-WAIVER-BURDEN OF PROOF.
A more careful scrutiny is required of a suspect‘s waiver of his right to counsel where the waiver is made without the presence of counsel after the desire to have counsel has been asserted than for a waiver made prior to the assertion of the right to counsel, or after the assertion of the right to remain silent; the normal heavy burden which the prosecution bears in proving the validity of a waiver should be of a very high standard where waiver of a previously invoked right to counsel is involved.
4. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-CONFESSION-ASSERTION OF RIGHTS-BURDEN OF PROOF-HARMLESS ERROR.
A defendant‘s confession should not have been ruled admissible where it was obtained from the defendant without the assistance of counsel shortly after the defendant had asserted his right to counsel and where the prosecution failed to carry its
DISSENT BY M. J. KELLY, J.
5. APPEAL AND ERROR-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-CONFESSIONS-VOLUNTARINESS.
A reviewing court is required to examine the entire record and independently determine the issue of voluntariness where error is alleged in the admission of a defendant‘s confession; the reviewing court should reverse where it is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was committed.
6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-WAIVER-INTERROGATION OF DEFENDANT.
A finding of a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel is impossible where a suspect requests counsel during interrogation; if however, the police terminate the interrogation, subsequent circumstances may provide a basis for a later knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel.
7. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-CRIMINAL LAW-RIGHT TO COUNSEL-MIRANDA WARNING-INTERROGATION OF DEFENDANT-CONFESSIONS-VOLUNTARINESS.
The Miranda ruling does not erect an absolute per se bar on any conversation with the accused by the police after the accused has requested counsel, it only inhibits investigative interrogation related to the specific crime itself; therefore, where a defendant was advised that he was under arrest for possession of marijuana, was read his Miranda rights and asserted his right to counsel, and where the record reveals that there was no further interrogation on the marijuana charge and that there was no interrogation of the defendant about certain other crimes or references made to them prior to the defendant‘s waiver of the right to counsel, and where there was a subsequent confession concerning the other crimes, the waiver should be held valid and the confession deemed voluntary and admissible as evidence against the defendant.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, David H. Sawyer, Prosecuting Attorney, and Donald A. Johnston III, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Before: M. F. CAVANAGH, P. J., and BRONSON and M. J. KELLY, JJ.
BRONSON, J. Defendant was convicted on July 12, 1976, after a bench trial, of kidnapping,
We reverse all three convictions, holding that a confession introduced at trial was obtained in violation of Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
In early December, 1975, defendant appeared at the Wyoming, Michigan Police Department and attempted to turn over some marijuana and drug paraphernalia. No arrest was made. A few days later, defendant attempted suicide by taking a drug overdose. After emergency treatment, he was transferred to a mental institution. While at the institution, defendant began to discuss his criminal sexual involvement with a young child in conversations with hospital staff. Someone1 at the hospital informed the Wyoming police of these admissions. The police obtained a warrant and arrested defendant upon his release on a marijuana charge, based on defendant‘s attempt to turn over the drug to police prior to his hospitalization. Officer Cline of the Wyoming Police Department admitted that at the time of defendant‘s arrest on the marijuana charge, the information received from the hospital had caused him to focus upon defend-
Defendant was taken to the Wyoming police station. Officer Cline testified that he then asked defendant to sign a Miranda rights waiver form:
“Q. Did he sign this?
“A. No, sir, he did not.
“Q. Do you know why he did not, or did he indicate why?
“A. He advised me at that time that he would rather talk to an attorney before talking to me about it.”
No attorney was ever furnished. Different versions of what happened next were presented by defendant and Officer Cline. Defendant testified that immediately after he requested an attorney, Officer Cline began to interrogate him, stating that he had a good idea that the defendant had something on his mind, and suggesting that he could insure that defendant would get the psychiatric treatment he desired if he confessed. Officer Cline testified that he first “processed” defendant on the marijuana charge and then the two engaged in “general conversation” for about an hour. Cline testified that defendant initiated the idea of treatment at a forensic center and confessed after Cline had indicated that treatment could be obtained.
There is no dispute that about 1-1/2 hours after defendant had asked for an attorney, he waived his rights and confessed. An hour after that he again waived his rights and confessed on video tape.
After a pretrial Walker2 hearing, the trial judge held the confession admissible, relying on Michigan v Mosley, 423 US 96; 96 S Ct 321; 46 L Ed 2d 313 (1975), although he expressed doubts about the applicability of that case.
As stated in Mosley, the procedure to be followed after an accused requests counsel is detailed in Miranda:
“If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning. If the individual cannot obtain an attorney and he indicates that he wants one before speaking to police, they must respect his decision to remain silent.
“This does not mean, as some have suggested, that each police station must have a ‘station house lawyer’ present at all times to advise prisoners. It does mean, however, that if police propose to interrogate a person they must make known to him that he is entitled to a lawyer and that if he cannot afford one, a lawyer will be provided for him prior to any interrogation. If authorities conclude that they will not provide counsel during a reasonable period of time in which investigation in the field is carried out, they may refrain from doing so without violating the person‘s Fifth Amendment privilege so long as they do not question him during that time.” Michigan v Mosley, supra, at 101, n 7, quoting Miranda v Arizona, supra, at 474.
See People v McGillen #1, 392 Mich 251; 220 NW2d 677 (1974), People v Brannan, 64 Mich App 374; 236 NW2d 80, lv granted, 395 Mich 812 (1975), People v Lewis, 47 Mich App 450; 209 NW2d 450 (1973).
The difficult question presented in this case is whether a suspect who has asserted his right to counsel may later waive that right without having spoken to a lawyer. The courts which have considered this issue have reached different results.
The weight of authority holds that a subsequent
“[A] blanket prohibition against the taking of voluntary statements or a permanent immunity from further interrogation, regardless of the circumstances, would transform the Miranda safeguards into wholly irrational obstacles to legitimate police investigative activity, and deprive suspects of an opportunity to make informed and intelligent assessments of their interests.” Michigan v Mosley, supra, at 102.
We hold that a person who has invoked his right to counsel may later waive that right without an attorney.
While we reject a per se rule in this case, we do recognize differences between a suspect‘s assertion of a right to remain silent and his assertion of a
In light of this difference, a more careful scrutiny of the suspect‘s waiver is required than for a waiver made prior to the assertion of right to counsel or after assertion of the right to remain silent. United States v Cavallino, supra, United States v Lewis, supra. In particular, police should not be allowed to ignore a suspect‘s request for a lawyer; interrogation must cease until, at the least, a reasonable opportunity to obtain counsel has been afforded. The normal heavy burden which the prosecution bears in proving the validity of a waiver should be of a very high standard where waiver of a previously invoked right to counsel is involved.
In the case at bar, the prosecution has not borne its very heavy burden of proving a valid waiver. Even accepting Officer Cline‘s version of the facts as true, there was less than a half-hour break in questioning after defendant requested a lawyer.6
We are left with a “definite and firm conviction” that the trial court erred in holding the confession admissible. See People v McGillen #1, supra. The prosecution failed to carry its very heavy burden of proof that defendant validly waived his right to counsel.
We also hold that the admission of defendant‘s confession at trial cannot be deemed harmless error.
In view of our disposition of this case, we need not address the other issues raised by defendant.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
M. F. CAVANAGH, P. J., concurred.
M. J. KELLY, J. (dissenting). Since the only error alleged is in connection with the admission of defendant‘s confession, we examine the entire record and independently determine voluntariness. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551, 557; 194 NW2d 709 (1972); we reverse where we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was committed. People v McGillen, #1, 392 Mich 251, 257; 220 NW2d 677 (1974). See People v Sparks, 82 Mich App 44; 266 NW2d 661 (1978). On the record presented I am not left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was committed, and, therefore, dissent.
The trial court resolved the conflict of testimony between defendant and Officer Cline, noted by the majority, in favor of the testimony given by Officer
“The trial court, which had the advantage of observing the witnesses and their demeanor, implicitly found that the investigating officer had acted in good faith, without guile or subterfuge, in conducting this inquiry, and such a finding is not to be lightly disturbed.” United States v Grant, 549 F2d 942, 947 (CA 4, 1977). See also United States v Pheaster, 544 F2d 353, 364 (CA 9, 1976), cert den, 429 US 1099; 97 S Ct 1118; 51 L Ed 2d 546 (1976), United States v Charlton, 565 F2d 86, 89 (CA 6, 1977).
I recognize that there are conflicting theories among the courts which have ruled upon the validity of a waiver of counsel after the suspect has made a request to be represented by counsel. One line of cases holds that a subsequent waiver without the presence of counsel is involuntary per se, while the prevailing view maintains that a subsequent waiver could be voluntary depending on the facts of the individual case. See Nash v Estelle, 560 F2d 652, 655 (CA 5, 1977), United States v Charlton, supra. See also Biddy v Diamond, 516 F2d 118, 122 (CA 5, 1975), United States v Womack, 542 F2d 1047, 1050 (CA 9, 1976), State v Greene, 91 NM 207; 572 P2d 935 (1977).
Where a suspect requests counsel during questioning, and the police ignore that request and continue the interrogation, a finding of a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel is impossible. Nash v Estelle, supra, at 656. If, however, the police terminate the interrogation, subsequent circumstances may provide a basis for a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel. Id. Another panel of this Court has recently stated:
“We therefore hold that, when a person asserts his right to counsel, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present, or, after the lapse of a significant period of time, the person knowingly and intelligently waives his counsel right. See, e.g., United States v Pheaster, 544 F2d 353, 367-368 (CA 9, 1976).” People v Sparks, supra, at 49-50. (Emphasis added.)
The facts of the instant case are unusual, and whether or not there was a lapse of a significant period of time between defendant‘s request for counsel and his eventual waiver is not relevant to the disposition of the Miranda issue. Here we are dealing with a defendant who prior to his request for an attorney was advised that he was under arrest for possession of marijuana. Nothing in the record indicates that defendant was advised that he was a suspect for the instant crimes. After defendant requested an attorney, having been advised of his rights under the marijuana charge, the record establishes that there was absolutely no interrogation about the marijuana charge. Furthermore, a review of the testimony of both defendant and the interrogating officer reveals that there was no interrogation or reference made about the instant crimes prior to defendant‘s waiver of counsel and subsequent confession. The court in United States v Grant, supra, at 946, noted:
“It does not follow, though, that Miranda erects an absolute per se bar on any conversation with the accused by the investigating officers after the former has requested counsel. It only inhibits investigative interrogation related to the specific crime itself.”
The reasoning of the Grant court is applicable in the present circumstances. Even though the interrogating officer had focused on the defendant as a
Finally, my opinion is bolstered from the following passage in United States v Pheaster, supra, at 368, which involved a much closer Miranda question than the one present here. The court found a proper waiver of counsel based upon the following reasoning:
“Our examination of the record in this case has revealed that the decision regarding waiver was a close one; yet, on balance, we believe that the district court was correct in deciding that the Government had met its ‘heavy burden’ in establishing Pheaster‘s waiver. Because it was not possible for the F.B.I. agents who arrested Pheaster to provide him with an attorney at the moment that he demanded one, the key question is whether the failure of the agents to sit mute during the ride to county jail, where an attorney could be provided, mandates the exclusion of Pheaster‘s statements. On the particular facts of this case, we are convinced that such exclusion was not mandated. This conclusion would have been significantly easier had there been an express waiver of rights but the absence of such a waiver is not determinative, for this Court has held that in appropriate circumstances a waiver of Miranda rights can be implied rather than express. United States v. Hilliker, 436 F.2d 101, 103 (9 Cir.), cert denied, 401 U.S. 958; 91 S.Ct. 987; 28 L.Ed.2d 242 (1971); see also United States v. Vigo, 487 F.2d 295, 299 (2 Cir. 1973) (statement after defective Miranda warning held to be volunteered). Although this question is not specifically addressed in Mosley, the recitation of the facts indicates an implied, rather than an express, waiver by Mosley. 423 U.S. at 104, 96 S.Ct. 321 [46 L Ed 2d 313 (1975)]. We think that this is a case in which waiver can be implied. It is critical to focus on the fact that Pheaster agreed to cooperate with the agents after he had been in the car for only fifteen to twenty minutes—a point not challenged in his brief. Thus, although he was in the car for a longer period, his cooperation was not the result of lengthy incommunicado detention. This is not a case in which there was an intentional delay in providing an attorney in the hope that the suspect would yield to pressure and recant his demand for an attorney. It is also important to note that Pheaster‘s statements came as a result of an objective, undistorted presentation of the extensive evidence against him, particularly the positive identification of his fingerprint on the ninth note. As in Hodge [487 F2d 945 (CA 5, 1973)] and Davis [527 F2d 1110 (CA 9, 1975)], the questioning did not really begin until Pheaster had clearly indicated his willingness to cooperate. Finally Pheaster was reminded early in the evening that he did not have to talk to the agents but he continued to talk because of his expressed desire to help them find Larry Adell. Under all the circumstances of this case, we conclude that waiver of the Miranda rights, including the earlier demand to see an attorney, was properly found.” (Footnote omitted.)
The preceding last quoted sentence reflects my disposition of this case. I find a valid waiver.
I would affirm.