83 Cal. App. 2d 586 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1948
An indictment was filed in Butte County, March 15, 1946, against the defendant, charging him in three counts with contributing to the delinquency of named minors, under section 702 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. It also contained two other counts charging him, under the provisions of section 288a of the Penal Code, with felonies committed on the same minors. March 29th of the same year the grand jury also indicted the defendant on two counts, one of which charged him with contributing to the delinquency of another named minor, and the first count also charged him with a felony against the same minor, contrary to section 286 of the Penal Code.
The cases were consolidated for trial. On July 16, 1946, before trial, the defendant moved to dismiss the counts in both indictments charging him with contributing to the delinquency of minors, on the ground that each such count failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. At the same time the district attorney moved to amend said counts of the indictments, pursuant to section 1008 of the Penal Code, to more specifically describe the immoral acts charged to have been performed. The court granted the motion to amend said counts, which amendments were filed as hereinafter stated. Thereupon, defendant’s motion to dismiss the counts was denied.
Upon conclusion of the evidence at the trial, the court advised the jury to acquit the defendant of the felony charges under sections 286 and 288a of the Penal Code, for the lack of corroborating evidence of the offenses, but the jury found
From the judgments of conviction of contributing to the delinquency of minors, and from the order denying his motion for new trial the defendant has appealed. From the order granting a new trial on the felony charges the State of California has appealed. Both appeals are presented on the same record.
We shall first consider defendant’s appeal. He contends that the judgments of conviction of contributing to the delinquency of minors are not supported by the evidence; that the court erred in permitting amendments to the indictments for the reason that the original counts failed to state public offenses, and that the causes were not resubmitted to the grand jury; that the district attorney was guilty of prejudicial misconduct, and that the court also erred in the instructions which were given to the jury.
We are of the opinion the court did not err in allow- ■ ing amendments to the indictments'with respect to the charges of contributing to the delinquency of minors without resubmitting them to the grand jury. In said counts the indictments charged the defendant, in the language of the statute, with violating section 702 of the Welfare and Institutions Code by “committing acts” upon named minors of stated ages from 15 to 18 years of age, upon specified dates, which caused or tended to cause the minors to become delinquent and to bring them within subdivision (k) of section 700 of said code. The amendments which were allowed by the court, before trial, on July 16th, under section 1008 of the Penal Code, merely specified the alleged acts with more particularity, by adding to each count the following language:
“That at the time and place aforesaid, Maurice M. O’Moore did fondle, caress, and otherwise commit lewd and lascivious acts upon the body and person of the said--
Under the California statute, by leave of court, an indictment may be amended after the plea has been made, and at any stage of the proceedings, without resubmitting the cause to the grand jury, “for any defect or insufficiency” thereof, if the amendment does not “change the offense charged,” and the “substantial rights of the defendant” are not thereby prejudiced. (Pen. Code, § 1008; People v. Seitz, 209 Cal. 199, 202 [286 P. 697] ; Chrisman v. Superior Court, 59 Cal.App. 305 [210 P. 632]; People v. Suter, 43 Cal.App.2d 444, 462 [111 P.2d 23] ; People v. Joseph, 21 Cal.App.2d 336 [69 P.2d 465]; People v. Bellamy, 79 Cal.App. 160 [248 P. 1042] ; People v. Rippe, 32 Cal.App. 514 [163 P. 506]; 42 C.J.S. p. 1240, § 230 b.) The amendments authorized by section 1008 of the Penal Code are not confined to mere matters of form, as distinguished from matters of substance. That section authorizes amendments “for any defect or insufficiency.” (Italics added.) In the Joseph case, supra, the original indictment failed to fix the venue. That omission was certainly a matter of grave importance and of substance rather than of mere form. For an allegation of venue was necessary to give the court jurisdiction of the cause. But, on motion, the indictment was permitted to be amended by alleging that the offense occurred in Fresno County. On appeal, the judgment of conviction was affirmed. The Supreme 'Court denied a hearing. We conclude that section 1008 was not intended to be limited to mere unimportant matters of form. But regardless of that question, the present amendments were authorized
In support of his contention that the amendments to the indictments in this case were not authorized by statute, the defendant relies on Mitchell v. Superior Court, 76 Cal.App. 734 [245 P. 1109]. That case is not authority for so holding under the circumstances of this case. The indictment was not amended in the Mitchell case. The court said, “No amendment of said indictment was sought and no amendment was allowed. ’ ’ That was a petition for a writ of mandamus to compel the court to dismiss a new indictment which was presented after a demurrer to the original indictment was sustained and resubmission of the cause to the grand jury. A motion to dismiss the second indictment was then made. What the court said regarding the amendment of an indictment as to matters of “substance” of the charge is dictum, for the reason that no amendments were made or involved .therein. Moreover, all that the court said in that regard is that “an omission to plead some material element in the alleged offense” may not be corrected by amendment under section 1008. It said, “no [such] amendment, in the proper use of that expression, can be made, as it will affect the substantial rights of the defendant.” That statement is made on the theory that if a material element of the offense is omitted, the indictment fails to state a public offense. In the present case a material element of the offenses of contributing to the delinquency of minors was not omitted from the original indictments. That case is therefore not in point.
Likewise, in the case of People v. Giminiani, 70 Cal.App. 195 [232 P. 993], upon which the appellant relies, the question of an amendment of the information under section 1008 of the Penal Code was not involved. The original information, unlike the one in this case, merely alleged that the defendant did “willfully and unlawfully cause, induce and encourage” the named minor to lead “an idle, dissolute, lewd, and immoral life.” There was absolutely no allegation that the defendant committed any act whatever to cause the minor to lead a dissolute life. In the present case the original indictments charged that the defendant did “wilfully and wrongfully commit acts” in violation of section 702 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, which caused the minors to come within the provisions of subdivision (k) of section 700 of that code. The amendments which were
“The fault in the information in the first action against defendant was that it charged that the defendant did ‘willfully and unlawfully cause, induce and encourage’ the described person to lead and to be in danger of leading an idle, dissolute, lewd, and immoral life. But that information did not charge the commission of any act or the omission of the performance of any duty, whereby the described result was caused. Therefore that information did not state any criminal offense.” (Italics added.)
The indictments in this case did allege that the defendant “committed acts” which led the minors to become delinquents. By the amendments allowed in this case, those alleged acts were described. That distinction between the two cases renders the Giminiani decision inapplicable to the situation in this case.
We are satisfied the amendments to the indictments in the present case did not change the offenses originally charged. They merely more particularly specified the means by which the alleged offenses were accomplished. In People v. Hinshaw, 194 Cal. 1, the court said at page 13 [227 P. 156], that “the distinction must be observed between charging a different offense and charging the offense differently.” (Italics added.) In that case the defendant was charged, under section 245 of the Penal Code, with an assault which “was
Numerous California cases hold that similar amendments and additions to informations or indictments, made pursuant to section 1008 of the Penal Code, do not result in changing the offenses charged, or in prejudicing the rights of defendants. Liberality appears to have been countenanced in allowing such amendments under statutory provisions therefor, to simplify procedure, to further the ends of justice, and to “save indictments against defects and deficiencies of substance and form by amendment stating the offense intended to be charged.” (42 C.J.S., § 230b, p. 1240.) In upholding a similar amendment of an information, the court said in People v. Miller, 34 Cal.App. 641 [168 P. 574] :
“It is only necessary to say in this ease that the original information purported to charge a public offense, and that the amended information as filed, after the request óf the district attorney and upon the permission of the court being given, did not charge an offense different from that attempted to be stated in the original information. Consequently the filing of the amended complaint neither prejudiced the defendant nor contravened the provisions of section 1008 of the Penal Code. (See People v. Rippe, 32 Cal.App. 514 [163 P.506].)” (Italics added.)
We conclude that the amendments to the indictments which were allowed and made in this case were neither in contravention of the provisions of section 1008 of the Penal Code, nor prejudicial to the substantial rights of the defendant.
We are of the opinion the evidence sustains the verdicts and judgment of conviction of the defendant for contributing to the delinquency of the three named minors. The circumstances of the case are unusual. The accused was ably defended by experienced attorneys. The case was tried with a jury before an able judge of recognized ability and many years of experience. The trial lasted three weeks. The transcript contains over 1,600 pages of evidence. The three boys, who are implicated in the charges of which the defend
The defendant is apparently an unmarried man of mature age. He was ordained as a minister at Napa, and immediately became the rector of a small church at Chico, where he arrived in January, 1943. There is no evidence concerning his occupation or life prior to that time, except that it appears he was known in San Francisco. Evidence as to his former residence, occupation and manner of life was excluded upon objection of the defendant that it was incompetent and irrelevant. However, two police officers testified they knew him at San Francisco for 18 years and that his general reputation for truth, honesty and integrity was bad. Upon his arrival at Chico he occupied and lived in two adjoining rooms in an annex to the church building. One room was furnished with a couch used as a bed, together with chairs and modest equipment. The other room was fully furnished with a double bed, bureau, desk, chairs, stove for cooking meals, utensils, table and other equipment. It was used by the defendant as his office, study, bedroom, dining room and ldtchen. He lived in those rooms for about two years. He took particular interest in boys, and organized a church guild having a membership of from 20 to 40 boys. In the spring of 1943, he became acquainted with the three boys who are the chief prosecuting witnesses in this case. Two of them were 15 years of age. The other was 18 years
“Q. How did you register? A. I didn’t give my own name. Q. You what? A. I didn’t give my own name. Q. Why not? A. I don’t know. ... I looked upon him as my son. Q. Why did you do this ? A. Why did I sign it ? Q. Yes. A. I really couldn’t give you an explanation, I realize it was a mistake.”
The explanation that he registered in that manner because he intended to adopt the boy, and looked upon him as his son, might account for adding to his registration the word “Son.” But that would not account for falsely signing the fictitious name of “Jack Williams.” Nor would it account for registering in obscure rooming houses or hotels.
To rebut defendant’s denial that he was ever in the Sullivan Hotel or that he stayed with one of the boys at Oroville
In February, 1946, two of the boys stole an automobile and drove to Los Angeles, where they were arrested, and for the first time told the officers of that city of defendant’s immoral relations with them. That fact was communicated to the Butte County officers. The defendant was told of their arrest. He immediately interviewed the sheriff and probation officers of Butte County, asking for leave to go to Los Angeles to return the boys, and when that was refused, he urged the probation officers not to permit anyone to talk with the boys until he had first seen them. Mrs. Bernice Hamilton, deputy probation officer, testified that the defendant called their office about that matter four or five times, and that “He asked me that when the boys were picked up for me not to talk to them but to get in touch with him immediately and he would do the talking.” Having learned of the boys’ accusations against the defendant, his request was refused. When the boys were returned an investigation by the grand jury followed, and the defendant was indicted, as we have previously stated.
There was much evidence favorable to the defendant. We have not attempted to recite that evidence, but merely to outline such as tends to support the judgment. The characters of the boys who are implicated in a succession of alleged offenses are not exemplary. Upon a careful reading of their testimony we are impressed with the truthfulness of the main essential features of their stories, but we do not assume the right to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses or the weight of their evidence. That was the province of the jury and of the trial judge. As a whole, their evidence appears to be consistent.
We concede there are some discrepancies in the evidence. One of the chief conflicts of evidence of one of the boys, relied upon by the appellant, is a discrepancy between a statement made before the grand jury and his evidence at the trial with respect to how he was clothed on the first occasion when he charged the defendant with immoral acts committed in the bed. He told the grand jury that he went to bed clothed in a shirt and underwear, and that the defendant not only committed lewd and lascivious acts upon him, but also that he at
The appellant insists that the testimony of the boys who were implicated in the offenses of which he was convicted is inherently improbable. We think not.
A judgment of conviction will not be reversed on the ground that the testimony of the prosecuting witness is inherently improbable, even though it may contain “glaring inconsistencies and contradictions,” unless it is so clearly false and unbelievable that reasonable minds may not differ in that regard, or that the facts asserted are physically, impossible. It is the sole province of the jury or the trial judge to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their evidence. The judgment of a reviewing court should not be substituted for that of the jury or trial judge when there is any credible evidence to support the ver
In the present case the facts testified to by the prosecuting witnesses are not physically impossible. There are contradictory statements of the witnesses which, we think, may be reasonably reconciled. It was the duty of the jury to so reconcile them. The chief contention of the appellant is that the contradictory statements require this court to conclude that the entire evidence of those witnesses is false and unbelievable. We think not. Under the circumstances of this case the challenged evidence merely presents a question of credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Those are questions for the jury, with whose conclusions we may not interfere. The record contains some corroborating evidence by other witnesses, including the conduct and admissions of the defendant. The evidence is not inherently improbable.
The cases of People v. Trumbo, 60 Cal.App.2d 681 [141 P.2d 225], People v. Casillas, 60 Cal.App.2d 785 [141 P.2d 768], and People v. Watrous, 7 Cal.App.2d 7 [45 P.2d 380], upon which appellant O’Moore relies, are not in conflict with the foregoing uniform rule. The judgment in the Trumbo case was reversed for failure to give to the jury a cautionary instruction, which, in view of very unsatisfactory evidence, should have been given. The court said: “Upon the record of the case . . . there can be no doubt but that an adequate cautionary instruction was vital to a proper consideration of the evidence. ’ ’ The support of the judgment depended almost entirely on the testimony of the 7-year-old prosecutrix. Her evidence indicated that she lacked understanding sufficient to give her testimony full credence. In the present case a cautionary instruction was given to the jury. In the Casillas case the defendant was convicted of rape of his 15-year-old daughter, who was pregnant. The court said that the child reluctantly testified “after being threatened with imprisonment for contempt” that the father committed rape upon her. On cross-examination, she denied that her father ever
“When it is recalled that the only evidence tending to connect the defendant with the crime—which he at all times denied—was the testimony of the two four year old children and the testimony of the grandmother, who could only testify as to what she was told, it is obvious that the capacity of the children as witnesses is vital. ’ ’
We think the judgments in the preceding cases were properly reversed. The facts of those cases were in no wise comparable to those of the present case in which there is persuasive evidence of the three victims, who were intelligent boys 15 to 18 years of age, and also other corroborating circumstances, in support of the judgments.
There is no merit in appellant’s charge that the district attorney was guilty of prejudicial misconduct in his cross-examination of the defendant. The defendant had testified that he was ordained as a minister at Napa in 1943, and that he took charge of the Chico church that same year. There are 167 pages of his examination in chief. On cross-examination he was asked where he had lived prior to the time he went to Chico, whether he had not previously lived at Napa and formerly at a designated address on Taylor Street in San Francisco, and what business he was engaged in before he became a minister. To each of those questions defendant’s objections were sustained. Upon further cross-examination as to his alleged immoral conduct toward the prosecuting witnesses, all of which he strenuously denied, the district
Nor does the district attorney’s reference in his argument to the jury to the many immoral acts of the defendant, testified to by the prosecuting witnesses, as an indication that they were “the true trait of homosexuality,” constitute prejudicial or reversible error. If the numerous abhorrent acts related in the evidence were performed, as the district attorney and the jury evidently believed they were, they strongly indicate that a person guilty of such conduct would be a moral pervert who might appropriately be characterized as possessing “traits of homosexuality.” Moreover that statement was not assigned as prejudicial or erroneous, and the court was not asked to strike it from the record or to instruct the jury to disregard it. It has been frequently held that such alleged prejudicial misconduct is not reversible error when the defendant fails to object thereto, or to request the court to strike it out and to admonish the jury to disregard the same. (People v. Routh, 182 Cal. 561, 567 [189 P. 436]; 8 Cal.Jur. § 521, p. 508.) Any possible prejudicial effect of the statement of counsel was waived by failure to assign it as error and to ask the court to instruct the jury to disregard it. (People v. Hunter, 49 Cal.App.2d 243, 250 [121 P.2d 529].)
Finally, the appellant O’Moore contends that the court erred in giving to the jury one instruction with relation to the purpose for which evidence of prior or subsequent immoral acts of the defendant upon the minors who are involved in the charges of contributing to their delinquency, other than the specific ones included in the indictments, may be considered by the jury. It is asserted the challenged instruction erroneously told the jury that such other offenses could be considered “as corroboration” of the specific offenses charged,
We are of the opinion the instruction complained of is not .subject to that criticism, and that it is therefore not prejudicial. It appears to be a correct statement of the law under the circumstances of this case. The giving of that instruction is not reversible error. The jury was very fully and fairly instructed upon all essential issues, and we think the jury could not have been misled by that instruction. The eases relied upon by appellant are readily distinguishable from the facts of the present case.
In this case four separate charges of contributing to the delinquency of three different named minors were tried at the same time. The immoral acts were frequently repeated over a period of several months. The conduct of the defendant was a succession of immoral acts perpetrated pursuant to a uniform plan, all of which, combined, tended to “cause or encourage” the minors to “come within the provisions” of section 700 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, and to become delinquent. As stated in the text of 8 California Jurisprudence, section 168, page 62, supported by California authorities, “ [I]n the case of the crime of contributing to the dependency of a minor, one might succeed in leading a minor into a course of conduct described as dependent only after repeated acts of persuasion, yet all such acts are admissible as only one crime is committed.” (Italics added.) The evidence of other acts committed in this case was. competent and admissible as applying to the particular charge regarding which the witnesses testified. If the evidence was not in fact limited to that particular case, the defendant may not complain, since the burden was on him to ask the court to so limit that evidence, and having failed to do so, he waived that objection. (People v. Carmean, 23 Cal.App. 396, 399 [138 P. 117]; 8 Cal.Jur. § 363, p. 311.)
The instruction complained of reads as follows:
“Testimony has been introduced by the prosecution in this case tending -to prove other acts of the defendant with said minors prior and subsequent to the acts charged in the indictments relied upon for conviction. This evidence is
The jury was elsewhere clearly told that each count was a separate charge and that the defendant must be acquitted of such charge unless the jury was satisfied from the evidence of defendant’s guilt thereof beyond a reasonable doubt. Not only was evidence of other immoral acts upon the same boys mentioned in the indictments clearly and properly applied by the charge of the court, but, apparently, on the court’s own initiative, the jury was warned that it must “carefully scan the testimony of the said minors” and “view same with caution.” That instruction reads:
“In the prosecution of the offenses such as those involved in these cases and where it appears as in the cases herein where no persons are present at the times charged as being the times when the offenses were alleged to have been committed, except the minors involved and the defendant, from the nature of the cases the said minors and the defendant are usually the only witnesses to the acts complained of and as such charges are easily made and difficult to disprove. Therefore, it is the duty of the fury in these cases to carefully scan the testimony of the said minors and to view same with caution.” (Italics added.)
In the challenged instruction the court carefully distinguished the misdemeanor charges from the felonies by a second paragraph added to each of the instructions previously quoted. We do not perceive how the jury could possibly have been misled by the instruction complained of. It is not the province of a reviewing court to upset the verdict of a jury for erroneous instructions unless they are misleading and prejudicial, which we believe the charge in this case was not.
It will be observed the court clearly instructed the jury that the evidence of immoral acts with a named minor, other than the specific offense charged “is introduced for the purpose of attempting to prove the disposition and tendency of the defendant to commit the acts charged.” That is the
The court further said in the challenged instruction that this evidence was introduced “as corroborative evidence to support the one specific offense for which the defendant is being tried.” We think that is a correct statement of the law. In this case there is evidence of other corroborating circumstances tending to show defendant’s plan and practice of subjecting the minors to repeated immoral acts, including the specific ones charged in the indictments, which would lead them to become delinquent. In People v. Smittcamp, supra, upon which the appellant relies, such evidence was held to be competent. The court there said:
“By a long line of authorities it is now established as the law in this state that, in prosecution for sexual offenses, evi_dence of other like offenses or acts of improper familiarity, illicit intimacy or relations between the parties, prior or subsequent to the act charged in the information relied upon by the prosecution, is admissible as corroborative evidence where they tend to show a continuous illicit relationship.”
The court further said that:
“As we have indicated herein, evidence of ‘other acts’ to prove that the parties are adulterously, incestuously or lasciviously inclined is admitted only as corroborative evidence tending to support the one specific offense for the commission of which the defendant is on trial.” (Italics added.)
The last-italicized portion of the foregoing quotation is exactly what the court told the jury in this case. In the present case the court said that such evidence of other immoral acts could be considered to show defendant’s disposition and tendency, and as corroboration in support of the “specific offense [of contributing to the delinquency of minors] for which the defendant is being tried.’-’ The court specifically distinguished those offenses from the felony charges.
In the Asavis case, supra, relied upon by appellant O’Moore, the defendant was convicted of lewd conduct under section 288 of the Penal Code on a female child under the age of 14 years. The judgment was reversed because evidence was received over the objection of the defendant that he had previously committed a similar offense upon another child three or four years before the offense occurred for which he was being tried. The court merely determined that the admission of evidence of a prior offense upon another person was prejudicially erroneous, under the circumstances of that case. It has no application to the facts of this ease. In the Huston case, supra, defendant was likewise convicted of lewd conduct upon a 12-year-old child. The judgment was reversed for the same reason that the previously cited case was overruled. The court held that “evidence that defendant has perpetrated similar acts with a person or persons other than the prosecuting witnesses,” which was received “over objection,” constituted prejudicial error.
Unlike the present case, the foregoing cases were reversed for prejudicial rulings of the courts admitting evidence, over the objections of the defendants, of offenses upon persons other than those named in the informations. The evi
We conclude that the judgments of conviction of the misdemeanors charged in this ease are supported by the evidence, and that there was no prejudicial error in the. challenged instruction or in the admission of evidence.
We will now consider the separate appeal of the State from the order granting a new trial upon the three charges of felonies under sections .286 and 288a of the Penal Code of which the defendant was also convicted.
The defendant was charged in counts 2 and 3 of the first indictment with the crimes of eunnilingus upon one of the same boys who was also implicated in misdemeanor charges. He was also charged in count 1 of the second indictment with the crime of sodomy upon a different hoy who was also implicated in the misdemeanor charge in that same indictment. The court instructed the jury pursuant to section 1111 of the Penal Code, that it could not convict the defendant of said felonies upon the uncorroborated testimony of the named boys who were accomplices in their participation in said crimes. Finally, the court charged the jury with respect to those three felonies, that:
“It is the opinion of this court that there is no corroboration of the testimony of the minor persons named in said counts as required under the law of this state. I therefore advise you to acquit the defendant upon the felony charges alleged in said counts of the said indictments.”
But the jury disregarded the instruction and found the defendant guilty of said felonies.
The court, we think, erroneously further instructed the jury that:
“As to the-felonies charged ... in which the minors involved are accessories, . . . the rules which have been given to you in these instructions concerning the corroboration of the testimony of the accomplices necessary for a conviction, concerning such evidence of other acts, apply in the same manner and to the same extent as is required for the testimony of accomplices. . . .” (Italics added.)
Evidence corroborating the testimony of an accomplice is competent if it tends to connect the defendant with the specific offense with which he is charged. It is not suf
The court granted the new trial as to the felonies on the grounds that the verdicts and judgments were not supported by the evidence and that they were contrary to law. We think the new trial was properly granted. We are convinced there was no abuse of discretion in granting it, under the circumstances of this case. The trial judge has a broad discretion in granting or denying such motions, with which we may not interfere. The attorney general points out certain circumstances and argues persuasively that the record contains some competent corroborating evidence. But the lack of corroboration was not the only reason assigned for granting the new trial.
We are unable to say that the court abused its discretion in granting a new trial on the felony convictions. The trial judge was best qualified to determine the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support those charges. When there is a reasonable doubt in that regard, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial judge. In the case of People v. Sarazzawski, 27 Cal.2d 7, at page 16 [161 P.2d 934], the Supreme Court said: “[A] trial court can grant a motion for new trial where the evidence is legally sufficient and even where the only evidence is that of the prosecution.” In that case the court further states the established rule that a reviewing court will not disturb an order granting a new trial “unless it clearly appears that he abused such broad discretion.”
Moreover, it appears that, in spite of the court’s advice to the jury to acquit the defendant of the felony charges, he was found guilty, notwithstanding the fact that at least one or two of the felonies involved the same acts and transac
Upon a new trial of the felony charges, if one should occur, we assume that, under appropriate instructions, a double conviction for the same offenses will not occur.
The judgments of conviction on the misdemeanors of contributing to the delinquency of minors and the order denying a new trial thereof are affirmed. The order granting a new trial on the felonies charged in counts two and three of the first indictment, and under count one of the second indictment, is affirmed.
Adams, P. J., concurred.
Defendant and appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied March 8, 1948. Carter, J., and Sehauer, J., voted for a hearing.