140 Misc. 2d 458 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1988
OPINION OF THE COURT
In a pretrial motion the defense seeks to preclude admission of one of the defendant’s statements. The defendant, relying on CPL 710.30 (1) (a) and People v O’Doherty (70 NY2d 479 [1987]), argues that the notice of intent to use the evidence was late and no good cause was shown by the State to excuse the out-of-time filing. The State appears to argue that the good cause requirement does not apply here because timely notice was actually given about another of the defendant’s state
FACTS
Defendant was arrested on April 18, 1987. An indictment charging burglary in the second degree, burglary in the third degree and criminal mischief in the fourth degree was filed on May 5, 1987. On May 18, 1987, defendant was arraigned on the indictment. Attached to the indictment was a voluntary disclosure form stating that the People intended to introduce at trial a statement the defendant made at the time of his arrest: “I was meeting my friend who lives in the building (apt. 4F). I was just wandering around the building. Can you give me a break and drop it down to trespass. I can’t afford a felony.”
On August 19, 1987, the defense filed an omnibus pretrial motion, which included a motion to suppress the statement made by the defendant disclosed at the time of the arraignment. The People answered on September 1,1987.
On March 31, 1988, the court in which the case was pending directed a Huntley hearing be held. On the same date, some ÍOV2 months after the arraignment, the People gave notice of “further statement made by the defendant herein.” The oral statement “in sum and substance” was said to be: “I ended up in the basement because I pushed the wrong button on the elevator. I don’t know the name of my friend in 4F.”
On April 19, 1988, the defense, citing People v O’Doherty (supra), moved to preclude the admission of the statement of which notice was given on March 31, 1988. The People opposed the motion relying on People v Brooks (121 AD2d 392 [2d Dept 1986]), and the Appellate Division decision in People v Bennett (80 AD2d 68 [3d Dept 1981], affd on limited grounds 56 NY2d 837 [1982]), two decisions which predated O’Doherty. The People assert the late notice was justified because the later disclosed statement “merely elucidated the original one”, that it could be presumed from the first statement that the police “delved further into defendant’s claim” and that the defense was therefore on notice that information about apart
DISCUSSION
CPL 710.30 requires that the People serve upon the defendant within 15 days of arraignment the notice of intent to offer at trial evidence of statements given by the defendant to public servants. Evidence means "any tangible property or potential testimony”. (CPL 710.10 [2].) The notice may be made beyond the 15 days if the People show good cause. The Court of Appeals held that courts must strictly enforce the good cause requirement:
However, it is necessary to discuss the People’s arguments against preclusion because they present important unresolved issues under O’Doherty (supra). The People’s position is that the good cause requirement is not applicable and preclusion is not required because the late-noticed statement "merely elucidated” the first one. The State looks for support in People v Brooks (supra) and the Appellate Division decision in People v Bennett (supra). In Brooks (supra, at 392) the court found admissible against the defendant his statement because the notice contained the "sum and substance” of the single statement and because the defendant had a full opportunity to challenge the admissibility of the statement at a Huntley hearing. In Bennett the notice was of both a written and an oral statement. Pursuant to a discovery request, the written statement was delivered to the defense and the defense was advised that the oral statement was in "sum and substance” like the written one. At trial, the officer testified to what the defense claimed was not contained in the statements which were the subjects of the proceedings. The Appellate Division ruled the two statements were essentially the same, and that the defendant had a full opportunity to litigate the voluntariness of the statements.
Brooks (supra) and Bennett (supra) each reflect a separate line of cases. The first line, including Brooks, deals with timely notice of a single statement under CPL 710.30 and is irrelevant to this case. The issue for resolution in those single-statement cases is the adequacy of the notice. Mere notice of the statement, without recitation of its sum and substance, is inadequate. (People v Couch, 74 AD2d 582 [2d Dept 1980]; People v Ludolph, 63 AD2d 77 [4th Dept 1978]; see also, People v Rivera, 73 AD2d 528 [1st Dept 1979], affd 53 NY2d 1005 [1981].)
The second line of cases, including Bennett (supra), deals with notice of one statement when the State plans to use other separate statements. It is these cases that are applicable here. The People acknowledge in their March 31 notice that the statement was separate from the one included in the first notice. Furthermore, there is implicit acknowledgement by the People in paragraph 19 of the affirmation in opposition to the motion to preclude that there were two separate statements given by the defendant. The People assert that contents of the statement which was included in the original notice made it "reasonable to presume that the police had delved further into the defendant’s claim,” and that the defense would be on notice of the contents of any resulting statement.
Prior to O’Doherty (supra), when two statements were substantively the same, notice of one was sufficient. In People v Bennett (56 NY2d 837, affg 80 AD2d 68, supra) the prosecution’s notice was of a written statement in which the defendant assumed responsibility for contraband found in an apartment and in which he stated that others knew nothing about the coke in the house. The notice also disclosed that an oral statement was in sum and substance like the written one. The content of the oral statement, disclosed for the first time at trial, was that the defendant put coke he owned in a pocketbook in the apartment. The written statement and the later disclosed oral statement were held to be "substantively the same”. (Supra, at 71; see also, People v Sullivan, 117 AD2d 476, 478 [3d Dept], lv denied 68 NY2d 918 [1986].) If, however, the multiple statements were different, the error could be cured by the Huntley hearing. In People v Anderson (80 AD2d 33 [4th Dept 1981]) the court concluded that the failure of the State to give notice of 2 of the 3 statements was error, but that the error could be cured by a late notice and hearing. (See also, People v Swanton, 107 AD2d 829 [2d Dept 1985];
These precedents raise three issues in this case: is the second statement, disclosed by the prosecution on March 31, substantially the same as the one disclosed earlier; if the two statements are the same, does O’Doherty (supra) nevertheless require notice of each; and is good cause required to excuse a late notice. The answer to each question is yes. Here, of course, there is no identity of content. This lack of identity is inherent in the People’s position that one statement "elucidates” the other and that the first statement produced the second. It is explicit in the notice of "further statement”. The statements themselves show they are not identical. The first statement was that defendant was meeting a friend who lived in 4F and was wandering around the building; the second was that he did not know the name of his friend in 4F and an admission that he was in the elevator going to the wrong floor. Furthermore, the two statements do not elucidate, but contradict each other.
Even if the two statements were essentially the same in content, O’Doherty (supra) requires preclusion of the late-noticed statement and implicitly overrules the earlier decisions cited above. O’Doherty finds the origins of CPL 710.30 in Jackson v Denno (378 US 368 [1964]), in which the Supreme Court required a pretrial determination of the voluntariness of a confession or admission. People v Huntley (15 NY2d 72, 74 [1965]) set out procedures for implementing Jackson, including the notice of any confession or admission to be offered in evidence. CPL 710.30 was the consequence of the Huntley directive and now also includes statements asserted to be in violation of Miranda v Arizona (384 US 436 [1966]). Under Jackson and Miranda each statement must be separately examined and individually determined to be admissible. (See, People v Brown, 140 AD2d 266 [1st Dept 1988].) To make this determination, the circumstances in which each statement was given are what are of primary significance. The content of the statement is not the controlling or determining factor; it may not even be relevant. The statements may be identical, but made in totally different circumstances. O’Doherty’s statement that the notice is intended to protect the right against use of illegally obtained statements is implicit overruling of earlier decisions, including the Court of Appeals opinion in Bennett (supra), which are based on the similarity of the content of the statements. This court will not follow those
The People’s related argument, that any prejudice in this case can be avoided or cured by a Huntley hearing, has been unequivocally rejected by O’Doherty (supra).
Further, analysis of O’Doherty (supra) shows it explicitly rejects Brooks (supra) and Bennett (supra). Brooks relied on People v Swanton (107 AD2d 829, supra), which was specifically rejected by O’Doherty. Brooks also cited People v Whitaker (106 AD2d 594 [2d Dept 1984]). However, Whitaker was based on People v Anderson (80 AD2d 33 [4th Dept 1981],
The State’s position that the forthcoming Huntley hearing will provide an opportunity to investigate the precise statements of the defendant and its argument that the first statement put the defense on notice that the police must have delved further and that it was important to investigate apartment 4F again ignores O’Doherty:
"Under normal circumstances, the defendant could easily be given an adequate opportunity to challenge the voluntariness of the statement at any time before trial. Thus, acceptance of the argument advanced by the People would require that permission to serve late notices be granted routinely. Such an approach would effectively abrogate the 15-day requirement and invite a return to the practice of giving notice at a much later date, even on the eve of trial. Such a result was not the Legislature’s intention * * *
"Although CPL 710.30 retains as its central purpose that of providing a defendant with the opportunity to obtain a pretrial ruling on the admissibility of statements to be used against him, the 1976 amendment was designed to serve an ancillary goal — the orderly, swift and efficient determination of pretrial motions * * * Until the 1976 amendment, however, these goals were compromised by the prosecutor’s ability under CPL 710.30 to serve a notice on defendant at any time before trial, which triggered the defendant’s right to make an additional pretrial motion, requiring a hearing and resulting in additional delay. It was to alleviate this problem that the 1976 amendments to CPL 710.30, requiring notice to defendant within 15 days after arraignment”. (People v O’Doherty, supra, 70 NY2d, at 487-488.)
The State also argues that defendant challenged the second
The State is precluded from introducing the late-noticed statement.
. People v Briggs (38 NY2d 319 [1975]) and People v Spruill (47 NY2d 869 [1979]) were concerned with the excuses for late notice given by the prosecutor under the earlier version of CPL 710.30. That statute allowed the filing of a late notice during trial if the People established good cause. The current statute allows late filing for good cause after the 15-day time period. Despite these decisions, lower courts did not strictly enforce the good cause requirement.
. People v Feliciano (139 Misc 2d 247 [Crim Ct, NY County 1988]), without relying on People v Couch (74 AD2d 582) and People v Ludolph (63 AD2d 77), concluded that the strict construction approach taken in People v O’Doherty (70 NY2d 479) required disclosure of the substance of a statement.
. This issue is not to be confused with that of harmless error, which is an appellate issue requiring consideration of the strength of the State’s case (People v Brown, 140 AD2d 266 [1st Dept 1988]; People v Barclift, 140 AD2d 615 [2d Dept 1988]). At this pretrial stage, harmless error is not a question for consideration.
. It follows that People v Amparo (128 AD2d 712 [2d Dept 1987], lv granted 70 NY2d 928 [1987]) is similarly no longer valid authority.
. It follows that People v Sullivan (117 AD2d 476 [3d Dept], lv denied 68 NY2d 918 [1986]) is also no longer valid precedent.