Dеfendant, charged and convicted of delivery of more than 50 and less than 225 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 333.7401(1) and (2)(a)(iii); MSA 14.15(7401X1) and (2)(a)(iii), was sentenced to a prison term of from 13 Vi years to 20 years, and appeals as of right.
Defendant first came to the attention of the police when Elva Rushton, arrested for possession of cocaine, said that the cocaine had been obtained from defendant. She told the police that she had bought cocaine from him on various occasions and that his brother, Don, was also involved.
Rushton had met defendant in Flint late in 1977. The evidence does not indicate much about the acquaintance that continued thereafter, but, according to Rushton, it included occasional purchases from dеfendant of one-ounce quantities of cocaine. After a period of residence in Nevada, Rushton returned to Michigan late in 1983, taking residence in Barryton. She renewed her acquaintance with defendant early in 1984 and soon thеreafter bought from him the cocaine for the possession of which she was arrested.
Rushton entered into an agreement to assist the police in the investigation of defendant and his brother in return for the dismissal of the charges against her. The plan called for Rushton to introduce an undercover agent to defendant and she eventually did so. First, however, she called defendant several times; she told him of her arrest and said that she needed money to cover somе checks, including one to her lawyer, and that she wanted cocaine for resale which her boyfriend would finance. The truth of her story to the police was established when defendant responded by selling an ounce of cocаine to Rushton on July 27, 1984, in a monitored transaction.
Defendant’s version of events up to this point *206 was not substantially different from that of Rush-ton and the police except that he denied ever having sold any cocaine to Rushton. He said that Rushton first asked him for a loan to pay her attorney and then called repeatedly to ask him for cocaine. He acknowledged that he never asked her to stop calling, but said he told her that he did not know where she could get any cocaine. He acknowledged thаt he was present when Rushton made the monitored cocaine purchase on July 27, but he claimed that he had nothing to do with the transaction.
Following the July 27 transaction, Rushton introduced the police undercover agent, Deputy Gary Tаylor, to defendant, representing that he was her boyfriend. Rushton and Taylor both talked to defendant by telephone about another purchase, this time of two ounces of cocaine, and arrangements were made for the sаle to take place on September 15, 1984. The evidence indicates that the calls and the time lapse of seven weeks were occasioned because defendant was out of cocaine and not becаuse of any reluctance oh his part to make the sale.
On September 15, defendant, his brother Donald, Donald’s wife, Debbie, and defendant’s girlfriend, Lynn Young, drove to Rushton’s home. Rushton and Taylor were there, along with another undercover offiсer who was pretending to be asleep on a couch. Defendant went to Rushton’s door and asked if everything was okay. When Rushton said it was, defendant went back to the car and then returned to the house where he took a package of two ounces of cocaine from his shirt and gave it to Taylor in exchange for $4,600. Defendant counted the money twice and left.
Defendant’s testimony at an entrapment hearing *207 and at trial differs from that of Rushton and Taylor only as to defendant’s role in the transaction. He said he had helped Rushton and Taylor get the cocaine from his brother, that any deal by Rushton and Taylor was with his brother, that on September 15 he went to Rushton’s house with his brother, that his brother asked him to take the package into the house and tоld him how much money to get, and that he suspected that the package contained cocaine. At the entrapment hearing, he testified that he helped set up the purchase from his brother because of friendship for, and fеar of, Rushton. The fear, he said, was because Rushton had had. her husband killed for his insurance. 1 He acknowledged that she had never threatened him and that he was not really personally afraid of her, but that he knew what she was capable of doing and was afraid of what she would do if he did not help her get some cocaine.
Defendant’s first claim is that the trial judge erred in failing to find that entrapment occurred justifying dismissal of the charge. The claim that the police, knowing that defendant was not a drug dealer, maneuvered him into participating in a sale, as in
People v LaBate,
After defendant and his brother had testified at trial, defendant’s attorney requested that Debbie Nixten and Lynn Young be produced as res gestae witnesses. Although they had accompanied defendant and his brother in driving to the Rushton residence when the cocaine was delivered, neither had been endorsed as witnesses on the infоrmation. The trial judge ruled that the women were not res gestae witnesses since they had remained in the car while the sale took place within the Rushton home. This seems to be an unduly restrictive view of the continuum of the offense,
People v Austin,
Where оne has knowledge of the existence of a res gestae witness and fails to move for endorsement of that witness until after the completion of the prosecution’s case, he waives his right to the endorsement and production оf the witness.
People v Leggions,
In the course of the argument as to whether the women were res gestae witnesses, the prosecutor went on to object that not only did he not have to call them but that the defense should not be allowed to call Lynn Young as a witness, because she had been present in thе courtroom throughout the trial. The court excluded her testimony, a ruling which was error.
It is true that the trial courts have discretion to order sequestration of witnesses 4 and discretion in instances of violation of such an order to exclude 5 or to allow 6 the testimony of the offending wit *210 ness. 7 The prosecutor’s claim that the trial judge was enforcing an order for the sequestration of all defense witnesses, however, is untrue and a misstatement both of his own objection at trial and the trial judge’s ruling. Neither party made a written or oral motion for the sequestration of witnesses, nor did the court make a sequestration order in writing or from the bench. 8 Rather, the prosecutor’s objection seems to have been that defendant, by not mentioning Lynn Young as a defense witness in his opening statements, had "misrepresented” who the defense witnesses would be, and that it would therefore be "unfair” to allow the defendant to call his girlfriend who had heard all the testimony. The trial judge upheld the prosecutor’s objection, saying thаt defendant had "abandoned” calling Ms. Young as a witness.
The prosecutor does not attempt to justify such a novel exclusionary theory here, and we can find no rational basis for upholding a nonexistent sequestration order which the judgе might have made had the prosecuting attorney thought to ask for it.
Having founded its appellate argument on the claim that there was a sequestration order, the prosecution has not addressed the question of whether the court’s refusal to allow Lynn Young to testify for the defense is error requiring reversal. 9
*211
In
People v Robinson,
Where it is claimed that error is harmless, two inquiries are pertinent. First, is the error so offensive to the maintenance of а sound judicial process that it never can be regarded as harmless? See People v Bigge,288 Mich 417 , 421 [285 NW2d 5 (1939)]; People v Berry,10 Mich App 469 , 474 [157 NW2d 310 (1968)]; People v Mosley,338 Mich 559 , 566 [61 NW2d 785 (1968)]. See, also, Chapman v California,386 US 18 , 23, 24;87 S Ct 824 ;17 L Ed 2d 705 [1967], rehearing denied386 US 987 ;87 S Ct 1283 ;18 L Ed 2d 241 [1967]. Second, if not so basic, can we declare a belief that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt? See People v Liggett,378 Mich 706 , 716, 717 [148 NW2d 784 (1967)]; Chapman v California, supra.
As noted in
People v Swan,
We address a further claim of error since it may be addressed upon retrial. Prior to trial the prosecution made a motion in limine to exclude any *212 reference to or evidence of Elva Rushton’s involvement in the death of her husband. The defense responded that the evidence was admissible for a number of reasons, including its bearing on defendant’s state of mind in connection with a defense of duress. The trial judge ruled that duress by a police agеnt was purely an entrapment issue, allowing the evidence in the entrapment hearing but excluding it at trial. The ruling was in error.
On retrial, cross-examination of Elva Rushton on the matter is appropriate cross-examination to credit under MRE 608(b);
People v Mitchell,
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Notes
Defendant claimed that shortly after he had first met Rushton, she had asked him if he knew anyone who would kill her husband, to which he said no, and that thereafter he learned that her husband had been murdered. Defendant’s brother gave similar testimony at the entrapment hearing. Rushton denied such a conversаtion and testified that she had not yet met defendant when her husband was killed.
Cf.,
People v Steele,
The designation of Lynn Young but not of Debbie Nixten by defendant may have something to do with the fact that Mrs. Nixten was facing trial as an accessory in another similar case. The fact, of course, did not excuse the prosecution from endorsing her in this case.
People v Cortez,
MRE 615;
People v Martin,
People v Marthinson,
Coburn v Goldberg,
As to the exercise of such discretion and abuse thereof, see
United States v Schaefer,
299 F2d 265 (CA 7, 1962), cert den
From the arguments and the comments of the trial judge, it appears that sequestratiоn had been discussed during an informal discussion in chambers, and that defense counsel had agreed to the prosecutor’s request that defendant’s brother be sequestered during defendant’s testimony.
We note that there is authority for the propоsition that barring the testimony of a defense witness may, under some circumstances, be error requiring reversal even where there was a violation by the
*211
witness of a sequestration order since the constitutional right to present defense witnesses is involved.
State v Lee Doon,
7 Wash 308;