364 N.W.2d 593 | Mich. | 1985
PEOPLE
v.
NIXON
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Juris Kaps, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael A. Nickerson, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by P.E. Bennett) for the defendant.
CAVANAGH, J.
The primary question presented in this case was left open in People v Gonzales, 415 Mich. 615; 329 NW2d 743 (1982), modified 417 Mich. 968; 336 NW2d 751 (1983), i.e., whether a *81 witness who has undergone hypnosis may testify at trial to facts which the witness recalled and related prior to hypnosis. We must also decide whether Gonzales is to be given retroactive or prospective effect.
I
Defendant was tried and convicted by a jury in February, 1980, of two counts of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. He was sentenced to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment. The Court of Appeals summarized the facts of this case as follows:
"Defendant was arrested for the shooting deaths of James and Sandra Frank. At defendant's trial, Diane Downer, defendant's girlfriend and accomplice, testified that she and defendant had planned to take $30,000 from James Frank when he came to their home to complete a prearranged deal to buy $30,000 worth of marijuana. When Frank arrived, Downer let him in and led him to the dining room. As Frank entered the room, defendant hit him over the head with a champagne bottle, but failed to render him unconscious. A struggle ensued which ended when defendant shot Frank in the shoulder.
"Downer testified that to protect their reputations as `honest' drug dealers, she and defendant decided to kill Frank. While transporting Frank to a secluded spot, he escaped from the pick-up truck and ran to a nearby home. As Downer and defendant were struggling to get Frank back into the truck, Donald VerHage came to the door of the house. As Nixon placed Frank in the truck, Downer informed VerHage that Frank had been in an accident and they were taking him to the hospital. After this incident, they drove Frank to a secluded spot behind his house where defendant shot him in the head. The pair then went to Frank's house where they convinced his wife to accompany them to the same spot where they had killed her husband. As she stepped off *82 the truck, defendant shot her in the head." People v Nixon, 114 Mich. App. 233, 235-236; 318 NW2d 655 (1982).
Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress the testimony of VerHage and Clark Porter (a friend of the Franks) on the grounds that they had been hypnotized during the police investigation of the Franks' disappearance. Defendant also sought to suppress the testimony of Gary Powell, the police detective who had hypnotized VerHage and Porter. After listening to tape recordings made before, during, and after the hypnosis sessions, and examining Powell, the trial court denied the motions. The court concluded that hypnosis was a valid method of refreshing a witness' memory and that Powell had not suggested any facts to VerHage and Porter. However, defendant was allowed to play the tapes for the jury to assist them in evaluating the witnesses' credibility and the suggestiveness of the hypnosis procedures. The witnesses were excused from the courtroom while the tapes were played.
VerHage testified at trial that he was not able to get a full face view of the man who helped James Frank into the truck. However, he did notice that the man was white, had straight collar-length hair which covered his ears, had no discernible facial hair, was about as tall as the female, and wore a blue nylon windbreaker. This description was substantially identical to the witness' statements given both before and during hypnosis. The only discrepancy was that VerHage had described the male as "stocky" while under hypnosis.
VerHage further testified that defendant looked like the man he saw at his home, although defendant's hair was shorter. On cross-examination, VerHage admitted that defendant was not *83 "stocky," nor did he resemble the police sketch made by Detective Powell immediately after VerHage underwent hypnosis. He also admitted telling police several days after the incident that he probably would be unable to identify the man. Nevertheless, VerHage identified defendant six months later in a lineup.
Porter merely testified at trial that defendant was present at the Franks' home shortly before their disappearance. The tapes, which were played at defendant's request, contained considerably more information, however; e.g., James Frank told Porter that he was going to meet defendant later that evening concerning a marijuana deal, and Sandra Frank stated that she was "scared to death" of defendant because he was violent. Porter's statements both before and during hypnosis were substantially identical.[1]
Detective Powell testified that he had been an investigative hypnotist for less than a year. His formal training consisted of a 32-hour police seminar. He was also a police artist and had worked for three years with a state police psychologist who practiced investigative hypnosis. Powell further testified that he had asked open-ended questions during hypnosis to avoid suggesting answers to the subject. He also explained that hypnosis is not a truth-seeking device and that it is possible to lie while under hypnosis or to recall facts inaccurately. Defendant presented no expert testimony concerning hypnosis.
The trial court carefully instructed the jury *84 several times that the tapes could be used only to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, rather than to establish the truth of the matters asserted therein. The jury was also instructed on the credibility of expert witnesses.
The Court of Appeals affirmed defendant's convictions, holding that a witness can testify about those aspects of a case remembered prior to hypnosis. Furthermore, any error in admitting the post-hypnotic testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because 1) VerHage never positively identified defendant, 2) the pre- and post-hypnotic tapes were played for the jury, thus enabling them to evaluate VerHage's trial testimony, and 3) the most damaging evidence against defendant was given by Downer. 114 Mich. App. 237-238. In lieu of granting leave to appeal, this Court remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration in light of Gonzales. 417 Mich. 932; 330 NW2d 855 (1983). On remand, defendant's convictions were reversed because his right to cross-examine VerHage and Porter had been unduly infringed by the lasting effects of the hypnosis. 125 Mich. App. 807, 809-810; 337 NW2d 33 (1983). We granted plaintiff's application for leave to appeal. 418 Mich. 897 (1983).
II
In Gonzales, this Court joined a growing number of jurisdictions which have refused to admit hypnotically induced testimony. Plaintiff does not challenge this holding, nor has it presented evidence that hypnosis is now a generally accepted method of accurately improving a witness' memory. Instead, plaintiff maintains that defendant's convictions should be reinstated because 1) Gonzales should not be applied retroactively to the *85 instant case, 2) a previously hypnotized witness may testify at trial to facts which were recalled and related prior to hypnosis, and 3) any error in admitting the testimony does not require reversal.
A
In determining whether a judicially created rule of law should be applied retroactively, a court must consider the purpose of the new rule, the general reliance on the old rule, and the effect on the administration of justice. Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 297; 87 S. Ct. 1967; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1199 (1967); People v Hampton, 384 Mich. 669, 674; 187 NW2d 404 (1971).
Prior to Gonzales, this Court had not addressed the problem of hypnotically induced testimony.[2] Other jurisdictions had split on whether such testimony was always admissible, admissible only if certain safeguards were met, or completely inadmissible. See Gonzales, supra, 415 Mich. 624-626, and cases cited therein. Those jurisdictions which have refused to admit hypnotically induced testimony have generally refused to give their decisions full retroactive effect. See, e.g., State v Collins, 132 Ariz 180, 189-191; 644 P2d 1266 (1982); People v Shirley, 31 Cal 3d 18; 181 Cal Rptr 243; 641 P2d 775 (1982), cert den 459 U.S. 860; 103 S. Ct. 133; 74 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1982); People v Adams, 137 Cal App 3d 346, 350-353; 187 Cal Rptr 505 (1982); People v Williams, 132 Cal App 3d 920, 923-926; 183 Cal Rptr 498 (1982); Commonwealth v Kater, 388 Mass 519; 447 NE2d 1190, 1198 (1983); State v *86 Peoples, 311 NC 515; 319 SE2d 177, 188-189 (1984). Cf. State v Koehler, 312 NW2d 108, 110 (Minn, 1981).
The Arizona Supreme Court, in determining that the exclusionary rule enunciated in State v Mena, 128 Ariz 226; 624 P2d 1274 (1981), should be applied only to cases tried or pending on appeal after Mena was decided, evaluated the aforementioned three-factor test as follows:
"The purpose of the holding in Mena and the present case is to exclude from a criminal trial posthypnotic testimony because of its basic unreliability. `The extent to which a condemned practice infects the integrity of the truth-determining process at trial is a "question of probabilities."' [Citations omitted.] The purpose of the Mena rule does not warrant the reexamination of unknown numbers of jury verdicts. Not every refinement of the law should result in the rejuvenation of post-conviction appeals. Additional safeguards present during trial minimize the possibility of the miscarriage of justice. The purpose of the rule in Mena `"[does] not clearly favor either retroactivity or prospectivity[.]"' ... [T]herefore, we must examine the second and third criteria set out by the Supreme Court.
"The reliance police authorities placed on the prior law is the second criterion in deciding if a principle should be retroactively applied. The apparent reliance of the police in the hypnosis area clearly weighs in favor of the prospective application of Mena and the case before us. There was no clear statement of the law proscribing the use of posthypnotic testimony prior to Mena. The police were not on notice pre-Mena that placing persons under hypnosis would then preclude their testimony at a subsequent trial. The argument could be made that the police had notice of the incompetency of previously hypnotized witnesses after State v La Mountain, 125 Ariz 547; 611 P2d 551 (1980). Mena, however, as was noted by the trial judge below, is a much clearer statement of this Court's position on posthypnotic testimony. Therefore, the reliance that the police placed on the admissibility of the testimony of *87 persons hypnotized pre-Mena operates in favor of Mena having only prospective application. `The point of reliance is critical, not because of any constitutional compulsion, but because it determines the impact that newly articulated constitutional principles will have upon convictions obtained pursuant to investigatory and prosecutorial practices not previously proscribed.' Jenkins v Delaware, 395 U.S. 213, 218; 89 S. Ct. 1677; 23 L. Ed. 2d 253 (1969).
"The third criterion enunciated by the United States Supreme Court is the effect of retroactive application on the administration of justice.
"`We are reluctant to apply a constitutional rule of criminal procedure retroactively as "[t]o characterize a past proceeding as unconstitutional and therefore void reflects seriously on the integrity of the law, ... weakens the confidence of those who trusted in the existence and validity of the rule and undermines the doctrine of the finality of prior determinations."' [Citations omitted.]
"It is possible that juries in Arizona have convicted defendants in trials where post-hypnotic testimony was introduced. But the law is dynamic. It is a continuum of succeeding redefinitions. Not every refinement in the law should call into question all prior convictions. Justice does not demand judicial reexamination of all criminal trials for each new advancement in judicial thinking. The judiciary could not function if there was never any finality to decisions. It is for this reason that only where there is a denial of a basic right of constitutional magnitude that is correctable will retrospective application be invoked. This is not the case here.
"There is practical consideration in addition to the taxing of trial and appellate courts in denying the retroactive employment of Mena. The fact that a witness has undergone hypnosis may not be in the record, and therefore an appellate court would be handicapped in discovering this information.
"Because of the unforeseen change in the law, the burden retrospective application would place on the administration of justice, and the need for finality, we hold Mena to be prospective only." Collins, supra, 132 Ariz 189-190.
*88 We adopt this reasoning and hold that Gonzales is to be applied only to those cases tried after the date of that decision and those cases pending on appeal which raised the issue. Since defendant's case was on appeal to this Court when Gonzales was decided and the hypnosis issue was properly raised and preserved, Gonzales is theoretically applicable. Nevertheless, we conclude that VerHage and Porter's trial testimony was not hypnotically induced.
B
In Gonzales, this Court reversed defendant's conviction because it was based almost entirely on testimony which was induced by several suggestive pretrial hypnotic sessions. Prior to hypnosis, the key prosecution witness had no recollection of the incident and had not indicated that defendant was involved. We concluded:
"The process of hypnosis is not a reliable means of accurately restoring forgotten incidents or repressed memory, and to permit posthypnotic testimony would unfairly denigrate the defendant's right to cross-examination. Therefore, we hold that until hypnosis gains general acceptance in the fields of medicine and psychiatry as a method by which memories are accurately improved without undue danger of distortion, delusion, or fantasy, and until the barriers which hypnosis raises to effective cross-examination are somehow overcome, the testimony of witnesses which has been tainted by hypnosis must be excluded in criminal cases.
"We do not foreclose, by this opinion, the use of hypnosis as an extremely useful investigative tool. A party could preserve a witness's prehypnotic testimony by using an MRE 804(b)(1) deposition. After the hypnotic session, the subject would be considered `unavailable as a witness.'" 415 Mich. 626-627. (Emphasis added.)
*89 On April 25, 1983, this Court, on its own motion, modified this holding:
"This opinion should not be read as determining the question of the admissibility of this witness's testimony concerning facts she was able to recall and relate prior to hypnosis, a question which is reserved until raised on an adequate record in an appropriate case." 415 Mich. 627.
The instant case differs significantly from Gonzales. There, the witness testified almost entirely to matters "recalled" under hypnosis. In contrast, the trial testimony of VerHage and Porter was identical to their prehypnosis statements. We further note that almost every jurisdiction which excludes hypnotically induced testimony allows the witness to testify to facts which were recalled and related prior to hypnosis. See, e.g., Collins, supra, 132 Ariz 209; 644 P2d 1295; People v Quintanar, 659 P2d 710, 711 (Colo App, 1982); State v Collins, 296 Md 670, 702; 464 A2d 1028 (1983); Kater, supra, 447 NE2d 1193; Koehler, supra, 312 NW2d 110; State v Patterson, 213 Neb 686, 690; 331 NW2d 500 (1983); People v Hughes, 59 NY2d 523, 544; 466 NYS2d 255; 453 NE2d 484 (1983); Peoples, supra, 319 SE2d 188; Robison v State, 677 P2d 1080, 1085 (Okla Crim App, 1984), cert den ___ US ___; 104 S. Ct. 3524; 82 L. Ed. 2d 831 (1984); Commonwealth v Taylor, 294 Pa Super 171, 175; 439 A2d 805 (1982); State v Martin, 101 Wash 2d 713; 684 P2d 651, 656 (1984). Although California prohibits a witness from testifying to matters discussed during hypnosis, the witness can still testify to wholly unrelated matters. Shirley, supra, 31 Cal 3d 66-70.
Defendant's argument that hypnosis renders a witness completely incompetent to testify is supported *90 by persuasive authority. See Diamond, Inherent problems in the use of pretrial hypnosis on a prospective witness, 68 Cal L R 313 (1980). Nevertheless, we decline to adopt such a rule for the reasons given by the Arizona Supreme Court:
"We recognize, however, that there is danger even in allowing testimony of facts recalled prior to hypnosis, because the subsequent hypnosis does have an effect upon the witness' confidence in those facts. It is for this reason that we originally adopted Dr. Diamond's suggestion that any witness who had been hypnotized would be incompetent to testify for any purpose. We are persuaded, however, that with respect to investigatory use of hypnosis, the benefit does outweigh the danger. We also recognize that none of the other states which have adopted the rule of per se admissibility have gone as far as Mena. They allow a witness to testify to those facts which were demonstrably recalled prior to hypnosis.... Some of the attendant risks may be minimized by allowing cross-examination of the previously hypnotized witness in order to permit the opposing party to establish the fact of hypnosis and to introduce expert evidence showing the inherent possibility that the witness might have become subjectively certain of events only tentatively recalled before hypnosis." Collins, supra, 132 Ariz 210.
In order to ensure that the witness' trial testimony is based solely on facts recalled and related prior to hypnosis, we hold that the party offering the testimony must establish its reliability by clear and convincing evidence. In this regard, we commend for examination the standards articulated in Collins, supra, and Hughes, supra, 59 NY2d 546-548.
C
The trial testimony of VerHage and Porter was consistent with the facts which they had recalled and related prior to hypnosis. These prehypnotic statements were recorded, and defense counsel was *91 given adequate notice of the statements and the circumstances surrounding the hypnosis. Furthermore, the trial court found that the procedures used by Detective Powell were not suggestive. Although additional safeguards could have been undertaken to ensure that the hypnosis did not taint the witnesses' prehypnotic recollections, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the witnesses to testify.
The Court of Appeals, on remand, concluded that defendant had been denied a fair trial because the lasting effects of hypnosis deprived him of his right to cross-examine VerHage and Porter completely. However, the mere fact that a prosecution witness has been hypnotized does not automatically preclude effective cross-examination. See Adams, supra, 137 Cal App 3d 352-353; People v Smith, 117 Misc. 2d 737; 459 NYS2d 528, 543 (1983). The jury was well aware of the fact that the witnesses had been hypnotized, the techniques used by the hypnotist, and the substance of the prehypnotic statements.[3] Defense counsel vigorously attacked VerHage's conclusion that defendant looked like the man he saw on the night of the murder. Porter's trial testimony merely placed *92 defendant at the Franks' home sometime before their disappearance.[4] Finally, as the Court of Appeals noted in both of its opinions, the most damaging evidence against defendant was presented by Downer, his alleged accomplice. Defendant presented numerous alibi witnesses and made every attempt to impugn Downer's credibility. The trial was essentially a credibility battle. Under these circumstances, we find that defendant received a fair trial.
III
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed and defendant's convictions are reinstated.
WILLIAMS, C.J., and RYAN, BRICKLEY, and BOYLE, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
KAVANAGH and LEVIN, JJ., would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the reasons stated in People v Gonzales.
LEVIN, J. (separate opinion).
This Court should, until the question arises in a case tried before People v Gonzales, 415 Mich. 615; 329 NW2d 743 (1982), was decided or a case not "pending on appeal which raised the issue," defer consideration of the question whether the rule stated in Gonzales should be applied in such a case.
NOTES
[1] One of defendant's alibi witnesses, Jeffrey Scott Dunfee, mentioned during his trial testimony that he had undergone hypnosis at his own expense in order to recall his and defendant's whereabouts on the day before and of the Franks' disappearance. Although Dunfee stated that he could not recall anything prior to hypnosis, the assistant prosecutor did not object to his alibi testimony. Plaintiff has not challenged the admissibility of this testimony on appeal.
[2] At the time of this trial, the Court of Appeals had decided only one case concerning hypnosis, and that case was factually distinguishable. See People v Hangsleben, 86 Mich. App. 718; 273 NW2d 539 (1978) (statements made by a defendant while under hypnosis are inadmissible to prove the truth of the matters asserted therein or to bolster his credibility).
[3] The use of statements obtained prior to hypnosis for substantive, impeachment, and other purposes is governed by the same rules applicable to other prior recorded statements. Statements obtained after hypnosis are inadmissible per se under Gonzales, except as otherwise stated in this opinion and in accordance with applicable evidentiary rules.
The trial court correctly ruled that statements made during hypnosis are inadmissible to prove the truth of the matters asserted therein. See Hangsleben, supra, 86 Mich. App. 728; Smith, supra, 459 NYS2d 540; 92 ALR3d 442, §§ 6-7, pp 455-461, and cases cited therein. Given the inherent problems of investigative hypnosis, we also hold that statements obtained from a witness during hypnosis cannot be used to bolster or impeach the witness' credibility. See Hangsleben, fn 2 supra, pp 728-729. Generally, the suggestiveness of the hypnosis session can be adequately conveyed to the jury through the testimony and cross-examination of the hypnotist, as well as the presentation of other expert testimony. Any error in admitting the tapes in the instant case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, especially since defense counsel insisted that the tapes be played and used them to impeach the prosecution witnesses' credibility.
[4] Although hearsay statements contained in the tapes made before and during Porter's hypnosis were not particularly helpful to defendant's case and might have been otherwise inadmissible, defense counsel did not request that the tapes be edited before they were played to the jury.
