218 Mich. 163 | Mich. | 1922
Defendant was convicted of arson and reviews the case here on exceptions before sentence. Charles Weller ran a store at Belle Oak in Ingham county. The building was owned by one Simpson. David Nemer, a nephew of defendant, ran another store there. There is a conflict in the testimony as to whether defendant or his nephew owned the store, but if David owned it he was largely indebted to defendant. About 2:30 o’clock in the mom
Defendant was a witness in his own behalf and several assignments of error deal with what occurred on his cross-examination. The prosecuting attorney was permitted to cross-examine him with reference to a chattel mortgage. We do not perceive the materiality of the evidence sought to be elicited or the harmfulness of the examination. It could have been omitted with propriety but permitting it was not reversible error. Some questions were asked, the answers to which were self-evident. They were doubtless prompted by the evasiveness of defendant in replying to the prosecutor’s questions. On one occasion the prosecuting attorney, after obtaining a direct answer, said:
“Q. Yes. You would like to have them believe that all right. I consider that a distinct victory.”
Error is assigned on this statement. Much space is devoted in the briefs to this incident, in fact, more than it deserves. Defendant’s counsel insists that it was innuendo aimed at defendant while the prosecutor insists it was but the expression of satisfaction upon receiving a direct answer to one of his questions. We will not settle this controversy between counsel as we
Defendant sought by so-called character testimony to establish his good reputation as a law-abiding, upright, honest citizen. It is evident from this record that his counsel was somewhat disappointed in the evidence elicited from some of the witnesses who testified on this subject. One of the witnesses on cross-examination demonstrated that he was basing his opinion on his dealings with defendant and not upon what others spoke of him, and on such cross-examination testified that he had heard péople say that defendant was a crook. On redirect-examination defendant’s counsel asked him:
“Q. Now, just a moment. What you have heard people say, did you ever hear anything stated upon authority that would back that assertion?
“A. No, sir.”
This answer was stricken out as was the opinion of this witness based on his personal dealings with defendant. We think these rulings were proper. It was the avowed purpose of defendant’s counsel to establish as a fact that defendant’s dealings with the witness were honest, and that those who spoke ill of defendant could not “back” their “assertions” with proof. Reputation is based on the “speech of people,” “what people say of a man.” People may or may not
“Character, in the sense in which the term is used in jurisprudence, means the estimate attached to the individual by the community, not the real qualities of the individual, as conceived by the witness. It is not what the individual really is, but what he is reputed to be, generally, by the society and the community in which he moves and resides. So, a witness called to speak as to character cannot give the results of his own personal experience and observation, or express his own opinion, but he is confined to evidence of general reputation in the community where the defendant resides or does business. Such a witness, so confined to general reputation, may be examined for the purpose of testing his opportunities of ascertaining that reputation.”
The rulings of the trial judge were in consonance with these views.
The trial judge limited the number of character witnesses to six and error is assigned on this action. Neither counsel has called to our attention a case in this court where the precise question was involved. In Barhyte v. Summers, 68 Mich. 341, this court held that it was error to limit the number of witnesses testifying to the condition of a mare, that being the “vital point” in issue. In Sulkowski v. Zynda, 160 Mich. 7 (136 Am. St. Rep. 414), it was held to be error to limit the number of witnesses on the question of whether plaintiffs speech was affected before the injury, where that question was the material and disputed issue. In Riggs v. Sterling, 60 Mich. 643 (1
“Defendants’ counsel announced that they had a large number of witnesses to the same effect, and asked permission to call two or three more. The court said that five or six witnesses to any particular fact was sufficient, and that it was clearly within its discretion to limit the number of witnesses; that as to the points already covered defendants would not be permitted to call more witnesses, but as to any new facts they might call more. The circuit judge was .clearly right in this exercise of his discretion.”
Mr. Wigmore in his work on Evidence (Vol. 3, § 1908) has this to say of character evidence:
“The value of character-evidence, impeaching or sustaining a party or a witness, is commonly much exaggerated; its comparative futility in the ordinary case, and its tendency to degenerate into a mere exhibition of petty local jealousies and animosities, of no real probative service, have induced the courts to concede unanimously that the number of character-witnesses may without disadvantage be limited, as the trial court may prescribe.”
While we may not approve all the reasons given by Mr. Wigmore for limiting the number of character witnesses, his announcement of the power of the court and the unanimity of decision on the subject is of persuading force. The supreme court of Illinois is in accord with this court in holding that the number of witnesses as to the controlling fact may not be limited, but that court expressly holds that the number of character witnesses may be limited by the trial judge.
“The trial court has no power to limit the number of witnesses to be heard on a side as to a controlling fact or facts and circumstances bearing thereon, but it’ is not error to fix a reasonable limit concerning collateral matters, such as evidence of the good character of one accused of rape.”
See, also, State v. Miles, 253 Mo. 427 (161 S. W. 766); People v. Casselman, 10 Cal. App. 234 (101 Pac. 693); State v. Albanes, 109 Me. 199 (83 Atl. 548). The members of this court well remember that it has been the universal practice in the courts of this State to limit the number of character witnesses. The practice has been so universal and of such long standing that it has not been questioned until this case. An examination of the authorities discloses that the practice is general. The power to limit was in the trial judge. We do not think he abused it in the instant case.
No objections were made to the argument of the prosecuting attorney, nor were any requests preferred on the subject. The trial judge in his charge said:
“The arguments of counsel have been full and fair.”
Defendant’s counsel assigns error on this and calls attention to numerous excerpts of the prosecuting attorney’s argument which he insists should not have been made. It is very doubtful if counsel may thus attack the argument of the prosecuting attorney. But a reading of the argument of the prosecutor which covers some 18 pages of the record convinces us that we should agree with the trial judge. While there may be a sentence here and there that might have been omitted, taken as a whole it fairly presented the case to the jury. If it was harmful to defendant it was because it marshalled the facts of the case which were established by the evidence with convincing force.
“Ellis Nemer is charged with arson and the crime of arson has been defined to you. Under our law, if a person has guilty knowledge of a crime or aids and abets in that crime, but is not active participant he becomes a principal in the crime and can be found guilty. Such is called an accessory before the fact. If he has guilty knowledge of that fact beforehand or if he aids or abets in it but is not present at the time of the crime, then he becomes a principal, and you, if the evidence convinces you of that beyond a reasonable doubt, you can find him guilty.”
Defendant’s counsel assigns error on this instruction. He insists that it gave the jury to understand that if defendant knew the fire was going to be set he was an accessory before the fact and guilty as principal. We can not follow defendant’s counsel in, this contention. It overlooks the fact that the word “guilty” precedes the word “knowledge” in each instance. As applied to the peculiar facts of this case we do not think the defendant was prejudiced by the instruction. It was the claim of the people that defendant asked Bossurner to set the fire and offered him $500 if he would do so. Both Bossurner and David Nemer so testified. Defendant denied this and denied he had any knowledge the fire was going to be set. Upon this record either defendant had no knowledge the fire was going to be set or he had the knowledge of a co-conspirator, a guilty knowledge. Under these circumstances it is difficult to perceive how the jury could have been in any way misled by this instruction.
Finding no reversible error the conviction is affirmed, and the case remanded with instructions to proceed to judgment.
