36 Cal. Rptr. 3d 872 | Cal. Ct. App. | 2005
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
Tasauna Danielle MURPHY, Defendant and Appellant.
Court of Appeal, Third District.
Dale Dombkowski, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, San Francisco, for Defendant and Appellant.
Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Mary Jo Graves, Assistant Attorney General, Janis Shank McLean and Marcia A. Faye, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Certified for Partial Publication.[*]
DAVIS, J.
A jury convicted defendant Tasauna Danielle Murphy of single counts of selling cocaine base, possessing cocaine base for sale, and evading a pursuing police officer. (Health & Saf.Code, §§ 11352, subd. (a), 11351.5; Veh.Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a).)
On appeal, defendant contends a prior conviction for possessing cocaine base for sale should have been excluded, her Marsden motion was erroneously denied, the possession conviction cannot stand because it was part of the sale, her counsel was ineffective, and her upper term violates Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296, *873 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403. We disagree with these contentions and affirm the judgment. In the published portion of the opinion, we conclude that possession of cocaine base for sale is not a necessarily included offense of the crime of selling cocaine base.
BACKGROUND
On December 10, 2003, Sacramento police officers conducted a narcotic "buy/bust" operation that at one point set its sights on a woman and a man sitting in a car. The woman, who was later identified as defendant, was sitting in the driver's seat; it was her car. The man, later identified as Jimmy Cunningham, got out of the car and asked an undercover officer, who was in another vehicle, what he wanted. The officer indicated "a 20" (meaning $20 of rock cocaine). Cunningham replied that he had to go to the car to get it, and requested five dollars for doing so. The officer negotiated this fee down to two dollars and gave Cunningham a prerecorded $20 bill.
Cunningham walked to the driver's side of defendant's car, where defendant was sitting. Cunningham reached into the car through the rolled-down window and then walked back to the officer's car, giving the officer a cocaine rock in exchange for the additional two dollars. Cunningham asked the officer if he wanted "10 more." The officer did, and gave Cunningham a prerecorded ten-dollar bill. Cunningham repeated the retrieval process, but, while his arms were in defendant's car, the "buy/bust" arrest team vehicle pulled up and one of the team's officers arrested Cunningham. The buying officer never saw defendant reach for anything or hand anything to Cunningham.
Two other officers of the arrest team (one uniformed, the other plain-clothed) got out of the team vehicle, identified themselves, and ordered defendant to shut off her car engine, which she had just started. Although one of the officers drew his service pistol, defendant drove off with marked police cars in pursuit.
During the chase, defendant ignored stop lights, stop signs, one-way directions, and speed limits. Eventually, an officer stopped defendant's car and she was arrested after a short foot-chase.
A search of defendant's car yielded the prerecorded ten-dollar bill and a second piece of rock cocaine on the front floorboard. An expert explained that, during a drug sale, an intermediary will often act as a go-between for the seller, who is actually holding the dope, and the buyer.
Defendant denied any involvement in or knowledge of the drug transactions; she was merely in the area to get her car fixed and Cunningham coincidentally was helping her to find her mechanic. At one point, Cunningham sat in her car. She drove off because she became frightened of the people around her car.
DISCUSSION
1.-2.[**]
3. Multiple Convictions
Defendant contends she was improperly convicted for both selling the cocaine rock in count one and possessing that same rock for sale in count two, a necessarily included offense. We disagree.
Our state high court has long held that multiple convictions may not be based on necessarily included offenses. (People v. Pearson (1986) 42 Cal. 3d 351, 355, 228 Cal. Rptr. 509, 721 P.2d 595 (Pearson).) Here the prosecutor argued, and the trial *874 court in effect instructed, that the offense of possession of cocaine with the intent to sell (count two) could be based not only on the second cocaine rock found in defendant's car after the chase, but also, alternatively, on the first cocaine rock sold to the undercover officer. Defendant contends, correctly, that the record does not show upon which rock the jury founded the count two conviction. If the jury relied upon the first cocaine rock, defendant argues, she was improperly subjected to multiple convictions. This is because she was convicted of both selling the first rock in count one and possessing that same rock for sale in count two, a necessarily included offense to count one as shown by the evidence adduced at trial.
"For purposes of the rule proscribing multiple conviction, `"[u]nder California law, a lesser offense is necessarily included in a greater offense if either the statutory elements of the greater offense, or the facts actually alleged in the accusatory pleading, include all the elements of the lesser offense, such that the greater cannot be committed without also committing the lesser."'" (People v. Sanchez (2001) 24 Cal. 4th 983, 988, 103 Cal. Rptr. 2d 698, 16 P.3d 118; People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 142, 154, fn. 5, 77 Cal. Rptr. 2d 870, 960 P.2d 1094; People v. Thomas (1991) 231 Cal. App. 3d 299, 304-305, 282 Cal. Rptr. 258 (Thomas).) As we shall explain, this test of a necessarily included offensea narrower one than the former test set forth in cases upon which defendant relieswas not met here, and defendant's convictions for selling and possessing for sale are proper. (See e.g., People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal. 2d 66, 73, 75 Cal. Rptr. 199, 450 P.2d 591 (Francis).)
The current test of a necessarily included offense is narrower because it looks only to statutory elements or charging allegations. Unlike the former test, the current test of a necessarily included offense does not encompasses an offense in which the facts established by the evidence at trial make it impossible to commit one offense without also committing another. (See Thomas, supra, 231 Cal.App.3d at pp. 304-306, 282 Cal. Rptr. 258 [discussing the former and current tests of a necessarily included offense and the decisions embodying them, including the former test decision of Francis, supra, 71 Cal.2d at p. 73, 75 Cal. Rptr. 199, 450 P.2d 591, upon which defendant primarily relies]; see also People v. Ortega (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 686, 698, 80 Cal. Rptr. 2d 489, 968 P.2d 48 ["There are several practical reasons for not considering the evidence adduced at trial in determining whether one offense is necessarily included within another"i.e., providing notice to defendant up-front of all possible offenses, promoting consistency in applying the multiple conviction proscription, and easing the burden on trial and appellate courts in applying that proscription].)
The current criteria for a necessarily included offense was not met here because neither the statutory elements test nor the charging allegations test was met.
As for the statutory elements test, a conviction for the greater offense of selling the cocaine (count one) does not require, as one of its statutory elements, the lesser offense of possessing the cocaine for sale (count two); possession is not an essential element of the sale offense. This is because one can aid and abet a sale, or possibly broker a sale, of a controlled substance that is within the exclusive possession of another. (People v. Peregrina-Larios (1994) 22 Cal. App. 4th 1522, 1524, 28 Cal. Rptr. 2d 316; People v. Rogers (1971) 5 Cal. 3d 129, 134, 95 Cal. Rptr. 601, 486 P.2d 129 [in fn. 3, however, Rogers applies the former test; see discussion of this at Thomas, supra, 231 Cal.App.3d at pp. 304-305, 282 Cal. Rptr. 258]; see also CALJIC *875 No. 12.02 [elements of offense of selling a controlled substance are (i) sale of the substance, and (ii) knowledge of the presence and nature of the substance].)
As for the charging allegations test, the information here simply charged defendant, as relevant, with selling cocaine base (count one) and with possessing cocaine base for sale (count two). Nothing more was alleged.
We conclude defendant was properly convicted of the sale and possession offenses. (In line with Penal Code section 654, which prohibits multiple punishment, the trial court properly stayed the sentence for the possession conviction.)
4.-5.[***]
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
SIMS, Acting P.J., and BUTZ, J., concur.
NOTES
[*] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the Discussion.
[**] See footnote*, ante.
[***] See footnote *, ante.
