People v. MoorePeople v. Moore
In 2003, we held that police officers must know of a defendant‘s parole search condition to justify a warrantless search under that exception. (People v. Sanders (2003) 31 Cal.4th 318, 335, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496 (Sanders).) In this case, because the hearing on the defendant‘s suppression motion (
The question before us is the appropriate remedy in light of Sanders‘s holding. The Court of Appeal majority here simply reversed the judgment outright, rather than remand for a new suppression hearing. For reasons that follow, we reverse the Cоurt of Appeal‘s judgment and remand the matter for further proceedings, including to determine whether the officers knew of the search condition.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In outlining the relevant facts, we focus on the April 2000 suppression hearing proceedings, including evidence of the preliminary hearing transcript which the trial court considered. (
The preliminary hearing transcript reveals only that on May 5, 1999, San Bernardino City Police Officer Brennan encountered defendant Adrian Eugene Moore on the street. An ambulance later transported defendant to the hospital. After defendant was sedatеd, doctors removed several objects from his mouth, including an off-white rock covered in plastic. The parties stipulated that this substance tested positive for cocaine.
At the suppression hearing, the prosecution also presented a certified copy of the parole terms for defendant, which included a search term that defendant “will agree to search оr seizure by a parole officer or other peace officer at any time of the day or night with or without a search warrant, with or without probable cause.” Based on the existence of this valid search condition, the trial court denied the suppression motion. The parties presented no evidence regarding whether the officers knew about defendant‘s search condition, although the prosecution‘s opposition to the suppression motion and the police report suggested at least one of the officers had such knowledge.
The jury found defendant guilty of the charged offense. (
In a divided opinion, the Court of Appeal reversed. Applying Sanders, the Court of Appeal majority found the prosecution did not present any evidence that police officers knew defendant was on parole when they searched him. It pointed out that at the preliminary hearing, the only witness, Officer Brennan, testified only that he had an exchange with defendant, who was then taken to the emergency room where doctors removed a rock of cocaine from defendant‘s mouth. Because Officer Brennan‘s preliminary hearing testimony did not describe details of either the initial encounter between police officers and defendant, or the subsequent events at the hospital, the Court of Appeal majority could not determine from the record whether the search of defendant‘s mouth was conducted pursuant to a lawful arrest. Thus, the majority concluded: “On the basis of the only evidence the prosecution presented, the search was unreasonаble under the Fourth Amendment and we therefore must reverse the judgment.”
Presiding Justice Ramirez dissented, questioning whether there was error under Sanders in the first place. In any event, he believed that remand, not outright reversal, was appropriate. He emphasized that “at the time of the hearing, both sides believed that the existence of the parole search condition alone justified the search of [defеndant]. It was not until more than three years later that Sanders was decided.” The dissenting justice pointed out that even defendant believed remand — to determine whether officers had prior knowledge of defendant‘s parole status — was fair to both parties. In his supplemental reply brief in the Court of Appeal, defendant had proposed that “in light of the recent decision in Sanders, the appropriate remedy at this time would be to remand the matter for a new hеaring in the trial court. . . . It would be unfair to both the People and to [defendant] for the [Court of Appeal] to determine the constitutionality of the search based on a record which was not created for this purpose.”
We granted the People‘s petition for review to decide whether the matter should be remanded for a new suppression hearing.
DISCUSSION
In Sanders, we held that “an otherwise unlawful search of the residence of an adult parolee may not be justified by the circumstance that the suspect was subject to a search condition of which the law enforcement officers were unaware when the search was conducted.” (Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 335, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496.) Prohibiting this type of unreasonable search, we concluded, serves the purpose of the exclusionary rule, which is to deter futurе police misconduct. (Id. at pp. 324, 334, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496.)
In moving away from our decision in Tyrell J., supra, 8 Cal.4th 68, 32 Cal. Rptr.2d 33, 876 P.2d 519, which upheld the warrantless search of a juvenile probationer by officers unaware of his probation search condition, Sanders made clear that although an adult parolee has a diminished expectation of privacy, a warrantless search of the parolee by officers unaware of his parole search condition “cannot be
In this case, the People do not dispute that Sanders is controlling or that the trial court‘s ruling on defendant‘s suppression motion was incorrect under that case. The only issue is the appropriate remedy. Did the Court of Appeal majority properly reverse the judgment outright, or should it have remanded the cause to allow the trial court to conduct a new suppression hearing? For reasons that follow, we conclude the Court of Appeal should have remanded.
In fashioning an appropriate disposition in a case, an appellate court “may reverse, affirm, or modify a judgment or order appealed from, or reduce the degree of the offense or attempted offense or the punishment imposed, and may set aside, affirm, or modify any or all of the procеedings subsequent to, or dependent upon, such judgment or order, and may, if proper, order a new trial and may, if proper, remand the cause to the trial court for such further proceedings as may be just under the circumstances.” (
Reversing the judgment outright, the Court of Appeal could not determine from the record “whether the search of defendant‘s mouth was conducted pursuant to a lawful arrest,” and concluded the search was unreasonable based on “the only evidence the prosecution presented.” Because the suppression hearing occurred before we decided Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th 318, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496, the trial court and the parties acted with the understanding that they were not required to present evidence whether the officers knew of defendant‘s parole search condition. In that situation, where the parties understandably did not present arguments and evidence relating to search issues, a reviewing court should remand to the trial court to consider any alternate grоunds for or against suppression. (See People v. Brooks (1980) 26 Cal.3d 471, 483, 162 Cal.Rptr. 177, 605 P.2d 1306 (Brooks) [with bifurcated suppression proceeding, on reversal reviewing court should remand for disposition of alternate grounds for suppression].)
Similarly, the Bowers Court of Appeal, relying on Sanders, held that the defendant‘s probationary status did not justify the warrantless search because the police officer conducting the search was unaware of the defendant‘s probation search condition at the time. (Bowers, supra, 117 Cal. App.4th at pp. 1270-1271, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 15.) However, the Court of Appeal concluded that remand was appropriate to determine whether the search was “otherwise unlawful” under Sanders, which issue was not fully litigated below. (Id. at p. 1271, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 15.) The Court of Appeal found that based on the record, it was “impossible” to determine if thе defendant‘s initial contact with officers constituted a detention or consensual encounter. (Id. at p. 1272, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 15.) The Court of Appeal concluded that the “evidence is simply inadequate to enable us to determine, based on the state of the law after Sanders, whether the trial court‘s ruling is sustainable on the rationale that the search was lawful.” (Id. at p. 1271, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 15.) It directed the trial court to hear evidence and make factual determinations at a new suppression hearing, and to ultimately determine whether to deny the suppression motion and reinstate the judgment or grant the motion and conduct further appropriate proceedings. (Id. at p. 1273, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 15; see also Jordan, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 565, 17 Cal.Rptr.3d 157 [superior court to determine “whether the record should be reopened on remand to allow additional evidence to be presented“]; Hoeninghaus, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at p. 1198, 16 Cal. Rptr.3d 258 [wherе trial court addressed only search condition in suppression motion, remand proper to determine prosecution‘s alternative justification for warrantless search].)3
Moreover, section 1538.5, which “provides a comprehensive and exclusive procedure for the final determination of search and seizure issues prior to trial” (Brooks, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 475, 162
Although we have stated that reopening a suppression motion on the basis of new legal theories would defeat section 1538.5‘s purpose “to avoid the continued relitigation of thе question of the admissibility of evidence” (Lorenzana, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 640, 108 Cal.Rptr. 585, 511 P.2d 33), our concern in Lorenzana did not address the situation here, where during the appeal a change in the law necessarily prevented parties from presenting all pertinent facts and theories at the suppression hearing. Here, the record reveals the trial court denied defendant‘s suppression motion based on his parole search condition alone. Based on the trial court‘s ruling, the prosecution did not present evidence of the officers’ knowledge regarding defendant‘s search condition, although the prosecution‘s opposition to the motion and the police report suggested at least one of the officers knew about the condition. (See ante, 45 Cal.Rptr.3d at p. 785, 137 P.3d at p. 961.) In that situation, a reviewing court should remand to the triаl court for disposition of any alternate grounds for or against suppression. (See Brooks, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 483, 162 Cal.Rptr. 177, 605 P.2d 1306.) Based on the foregoing, we conclude that section 1538.5 does not bar remand in this case.
Moreover, in the interest of efficiency and fairness, we conclude that remanding the cause to give the People an opportunity to present evidence justifying the search under Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th 318, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496, is more apprоpriate than reversing the judgment outright. (See
Because the exclusiоnary rule‘s purpose in suppressing evidence of unreasonable searches is to deter police misconduct (Sanders, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 324, 2 Cal.Rptr.3d 630, 73 P.3d 496; see ante, 45 Cal.Rptr.3d at p. 786, 137 P.3d at p. 961), the issues relating to a suppression motion, which do not directly implicate the guilt determination process, are distinct from issues the jury must consider. (See Vanbuskirk, supra, 61 Cal.App.3d at p. 405, 132 Cal.Rptr. 30; Minor, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at p. 199, 163 Cal.Rptr. 501.) Remand for a new suppression hearing is appropriate and necessary here because our 2003 decision in Sanders significantly changed the law, requiring the lower court to consider its impact on defendant‘s suppression motion. (See People v. Collins (1986) 42 Cal.3d 378, 393, 228 Cal.Rptr. 899, 722 P.2d 173 [declining to adopt a “rule of reversal per se” based on a prior decision‘s impact and cautioning against “unwarranted retrials in cases in which there was actually no prejudice“]; see also People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 238, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802 [finding remand proper becausе “defendant should not be penalized for failing to object where existing law overwhelmingly said no objection was required“].)
Defendant, however, points out that he made several claims challenging the warrantless search in his suppression motion. Because the prosecution chose to argue only the parole search justification below, defendant maintains it was not he “who limited the scope of the suppression hearing, it was the People, and it is the People who must bear the consequences of a woefully deficient presentation.” We disagree. The trial court denied defendant‘s suppression motion based on defendant‘s parole search condition, rendering any additional argument from the prosecution unnecessary. (See Brooks, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 482, 162 Cal.Rptr. 177, 605 P.2d 1306 [trial cоurt has discretion to limit presentation of evidence to avoid a “tedious and superfluous proceeding“].) In that regard, we reject defendant‘s speculative claim that at the time of the April 2000 suppression hearing the prosecution should have anticipated our 2003 Sanders decision and presented evidence of the officers’ knowledge.
Arguing that remanding for a new suppression hearing would violate his right to due process, defendant asserts that because the search occurred in 1999, it would be difficult to locate witnesses who would likely remember events relating to the search. We have already rejected such a claim. “We are not persuaded that relitigation should have been denied because of delay. Delays that are the product of the normal appellate process do not implicate due process concerns. The difficulty in locating witnesses, and the possibility of fading recollection, are no different with respect to the hearing on the admissibility of [evidence] than with respect to the trial itself.” (Mattson, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 852, 268 Cal.Rptr. 802, 789 P.2d 983.)
In the event of remand, both parties agree that a full hearing on the motion to suppress, rather than a limited hearing on whether the officers were aware of the parole search condition at the time of the warrantless search, is required. Because the parties focused solely on the existence of defendant‘s parole search condition, which the trial court relied on to justify the warrantless search and to deny defendant‘s motion, we conclude that a new suppression hearing to decide any alternate grounds contained in the originаl suppression motion and the opposition thereto
DISPOSITION
We reverse the Court of Appeal‘s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.
WE CONCUR: GEORGE, C.J., KENNARD, BAXTER, WERDEGAR, MORENO, and CORRIGAN, JJ.