The court instructed the jury, among other things, as follows: “ Gentlemen of the. jury, these defendants are charged before you by this information with making an assault upon Henry Coffey, with intent to murder the said Coffey. They cannot be convicted of an assault to commit murder unless the evidence shows, beyond a reasonable doubt, that had the prosecuting witness, Henry Coffey, been killed, defendants-would have been guilty of murder. If the testimony shows that had Henry Coffey been killed, one of the defendants would have been guilty of murder, then that one should be convicted. If there was an unlawful assault on Henry Coffey, and no intention to commit murder, the defendant making such assault may be convicted of a simple assault.”
It is claimed by the attorney-general that, inasmuch as the court, in subsequent instructions, carefully instructed the jury that to constitute the offense charged in the information it was necessary to prove the intent to kill beyond a reasonable doubt, and that it was incumbent upon the prosecution to prove such intent, the jury could not have been misled by the instruction which we have quoted above. In State v. Evans, 39 La. Ann. 912, which was a case of assault with intent to murder, the court.charged the jury as follows: “Where the evidence shows that it would have been murder if death had ensued, that in itself will be sufficient ground for the jury to infer the existence of the intention to murder.” In another part of its charge, the court, at the request of the defendant, instructed the jury that “the jury must be satisfied that the prisoner had a positive intention to commit murder.” It was. claimed on appeal that the subsequent charge cured the vice of the first charge quoted, but the court well said: "The addition of these words to the original given did not, as. contended, cure the defect or vice therein. Its force was. left untouched. Its meaning was unchanged and unimpaired. Together they would in effect amount to this: ‘The jury must be satisfied that the prisoner had a posir. tive intention to commit murder; but if the, evidence shows that it would have been murder if death had ensued, that in itself will be sufficient ground for the jury to infer the existence of the intention to murder/ ”
Here, again, the element of a specific intent to kill is ignored. In a prosecution under section 217 of the Penal Code for an assault with an intent to commit murder, a positive intent to murder must be proved by the prosecution. It is a statutory offense, and the intent is the essential ingredient. It differs in this respect . from the statutory offense of an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon, or other means likely to produce great bodily injury, in which no intent is ' necessary to be proved. (People v. Keefer, 18 Cal. 636; People v. Turner, 65 Cal. 540.)
The court gave the following instruction: “The jury are instructed that the natural and probable consequences of every act deliberately done by a person, of sound mind are presumed to have been intended by the author of said act. And if the jury believe, from the ■evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendants, or either of them, did shoot at said Henry Coffey as charged in the information, and that the natural and ordinary consequences. of such shooting would be the death of said Henry Coffey, then the presumption of law . is, that the defendant so shooting did shoot at said Henry Coffey with- intent to kill him.”
It is doubtless true that, as a general rule, a man is presumed to have intended that which he has done, or that which is the immediate and natural consequence of
Judgment and order reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.....
Sharpstein, J., Works, J., and McFarland, J., concurred.
concurring.—I concur in the judgment, on the ground of error in the two instructions last men
I perceive no error in the first instruction. -As I understand the instruction, which must :be taken as an entirety, and its several clauses harmonized, as-can be done without straining the meaning of the words used, it is a direction to the jury that they cannot convict either defendant unless Henry Coffey -had been killed under such circumstances that his killing would have been murder; but if there was no intent when the" assault was made to-commit ■ "murder, then the defendant'could ' only have been convicted of a simple assault, or in other words, if the assault had been made -without intent to commit murder, that even -though a killing had resulted, the defendant'could only have been convicted of simple -assault.
The reasoning of the foregoing opinion is in accordance with these propositions. The case cited in the -foregoing opinion from Louisiana should not, I think, meet the approbation of this court as long as the ■ rule laid down in People v. Doyell, 48 Cal. 85, and the cases which follow it, regarding the construction of directions, remain as the-rule of this forum.