delivered tbe opinion of the court.
The people of the state of Colorado sued Frank C. Miller to recover, under C. L. section 3660, et seq., a gasoline excise tax. Miller pleaded only two defenses that we need consider; the six-year statute of limitations, and payment. The people demurred to each of these defenses, the court overruled both demurrers, and, the people electing to stand upon the demurrers, dismissed the action.
*270 Two questions are presented: 1. Does the six-year statute of limitations run against the state? 2. Was the defense of payment sufficiently pleaded?
1. Miller relies upon the general statute of limitations, C. L., section 6392, which provides: “The following actions shall be commenced within six years, next after the cause of actions shall accrue, and not after-wards : First—All actions of debt founded upon any contract or liability in. action. * * * Fourth—All actions of assumpsit, or on the case founded on any contract or liability, express or implied.”
It was a maxim of the common law that, “Lapse of time does not bar the right of the Crown. ’ ’ Broom’s Legal Maxims (7th Ed.), p. 65. The king, therefore, was not bound by the statute of limitations, unless there was an express provision including- actions brought by the Crown. Angelí on Limitations (6th Ed.), §34;
United States v. Hoar,
2 Mason Cir. Court, 311, 312, per Mr. Justice Story. In 17 B. C. L., p. 689, it is said: “In' England the rule has long been recognized that * * * a statute of limitations does not bind a sovereign without express words of inclusion. * * * This principle of construction of statutes, at least as far as it affects statutes of limitation, has been followed in the United States. * * * Hence the rule is that neither the general government nor the state is bound by snch a statute unless it is named or it is expressly so provided.” And in 1 Wood on Limitations (4th Ed.), §52, the author, speaking of the statute of limitations, says: ‘ ‘ Except the statute otherwise expressly provides, it cannot be set up as a bar to any right or claim of the State; thus, it does not apply * * * to any class of claims in favor of the State, unless the statute expressly so provides.” The law is thus stated in 19 Am.
&
Eng. Encv. Law (2d Ed.), p. 188: “The prerogative of royalty in reg*ard to the limitation of actions extends to republican governments, and the maxim
nullum tempus occurrii regi
applies in the United States, both as to the federal government and as
*271
to the several states, except where express statutory provisions to the contrary exist.” Citing many cases decided. by the U. S. Supreme Court and the Supreme Courts of the states. In
Metropolitan Railroad Co. v. District of Columbia,
In
Dietemann v. People,
In the act under which the present suit was brought, there is no provision limiting the time within which action may be commenced, and the general statute of limitations does not apply to actions brought by the people. The demurrer to the plea of the statute of limitations should have been sustained.
2. The plea of payment was as follows: “That
if
any sum of money whatsoever was ever due unto plaintiff as alleged in said * * * cause of action, defendant alleges that he did prior to the institution of this action pay the same and each and every item thereof.” The
*272
plea was hypothetical and therefore bad. The demurrer thereto should have been sustained.
Ilfeld v. Ziegler,
The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceeding's in harmony with the views herein expressed.
Mr. Chiee Justice Adams, Mr. Justice Moore and Mr. Justice Burke concur.