Defendant was placed on two years of probation on September 16, 1974, after pleading guilty to breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. On February 13, 1975, defendant was brought before the judge who had placed him on probation after having received written copies of three charges of violating the terms and conditions of his probation. Defendant admitted the violations, his probation was revoked, and he was sentenced to a term of from 6 to 10 years in prison. He now appeals as of right.
At the February 13, 1975 proceeding, defendant was advised that he had a right to counsel and that one would be appointed for him at public *10 expense if he could not afford to retain counsel. Defendant replied that he did not desire counsel. The judge then read each charged violation to defendant, ascertained that defendant understood each charge, and asked defendant to plead to each charge. Defendant offered a plea of guilty to each charge and indicated that he understood that if his pleas of guilty were accepted by the judge, his probation could be revoked and he could be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years in prison. Defendant was not informed that he was entitled to a hearing on the charges to which he offered his pleas of guilty. His pleas were accepted and his probation was revoked.
On appeal, defendant argues that the failure of the trial judge to inform him of his right to a hearing on the charges of probation violation rendered his plea of guilty ineffective to waive his right to that hearing. He argues that a hearing on charges of probation violation may be waived only if the waiver is knowingly and understandingly made. We agree and reverse.
A probationer charged with violations of the terms and conditions of his probation is entitled to a hearing on those charges. Due process requires that this hearing include the following minimum features:
" '(a) written notice of the claimed violations of [probation or] parole; (b) disclosure to the [probationer or] parolee of evidence against him; (c) opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence; (d) the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation); (e) a "neutral and detached” hearing body such as a traditional parole board, members of which need not be judicial, officers or lawyers; and (f) a written statement by the factfinders as to the evidence relied on and
*11
reasons for revoking [probation or] parole.’ ”
Gagnon v Scarpelli,
Michigan law does not limit the features of probation revocation hearings to those required by minimal due process. In the recent case of
People v Leroy Jackson, Jr,
"In Michigan the probationer must be served with written notice of the charges against him prior to the hearing.
In re McLeod,
It is thus apparent that we break no new ground by recognizing that this defendant had a constitutional right to a hearing on the charges of probation violation and that he could have required the state to prove the charges at that hearing. Defendant instead offered to plead guilty and acknowledged the truth of the charges. By so doing, he gave up his right to contest the charges at a hearing. The question with which we are faced is whether, to be effective, such a waiver must be made knowledgeably and understandingly. We hold that it does.
We recognize that not every waiver of a constitutional or statutory protection is required to be knowing and intelligent.
1
Thus, consent, if voluntary, may validly be given to a search even where the subject of the search is not aware that he has a right to refuse consent.
Schneckloth v Bustamonte,
Other rights have been identified which can be waived effectively only where a standard amount
*13
ing to "an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege” is met.
2
This standard has been required for waiver of right to counsel by a criminal defendant or an alleged probation violator,
Johnson v Zerbst,
We interpret these cases as requiring a knowing and intelligent waiver when the right involved is one designed to insure fundamental fairness to a defendant or to insure the reliability of the fact-finding process when an individual’s liberty is at *14 stake. 3 The protections offered by such rights would be substantially lost if they could be waived by persons ignorant of their existence. Furthermore, we view the right of a probationer to a hearing on charges of probation violation as one designed both to insure fundamental fairness to the probationer and to insure that findings of fact with respect to the existence of a violation, findings upon which the continuation of the probationer’s conditional liberty depends, are reliably determined. 4 We therefore conclude that a probationer charged with violation of his probation must be informed of his right to a hearing on the charges before he can effectively waive that right.
We recognize the substantial differences in the nature of probation violation proceedings on the one hand, and a criminal prosecution on the other. The former continues to be a rather informal and flexible procedure, so long as it meets minimal constitutional requirements. Thus we decline to impose blindly in the probation revocation setting the rules which have been developed by statute, case law, and court rule to govern the taking of pleas of guilty in criminal cases. Having in mind the relative informality and flexibility of probation revocation procedures, we would not require that the hearing be fully described to the probationer *15 or that any "check list” type procedure be required. We hold only that the probationer must be informed that there is an alternative to his pleading guilty; that he is entitled to a hearing and that he waives that hearing by pleading guilty. 5 Since this defendant was not informed on the record of the possibility of a hearing, and because we find nothing in the record before us from which we can reasonably infer that he was aware of that alternative, the order revoking defendant’s probation is reversed and the case remanded.
Defendant also appeals his May 29, 1975 guilty plea conviction of second-degree murder. MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549. We have reviewed defendant’s claims of error with respect to this conviction and find them to be without merit. This conviction is affirmed.
Defendant’s conviction of second-degree murder is affirmed. The revocation of defendant’s probation is reversed. Remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Notes
"Our cases do not reflect an uncritical demand for a knowing and intelligent waiver in every situation where a person has failed to invoke a constitutional protection.”
Schneckloth v Bustamonte,
Johnson v Zerbst,
"The requirement of a 'knowing’ and 'intelligent’ waiver was articulated in a case involving the validity of a defendant’s decision to forego a right constitutionally guaranteed to protect a fair trial and the reliability of the truth-determining process.” Schneckloth, supra, at 236.
"Both the probationer * * * and the State have interests in the accurate finding of fact and the informed use of discretion — the probationer * * * to insure that his liberty is not unjustifiably taken away and the State to make certain that it is neither unnecessarily interrupting a successful effort at rehabilitation nor imprudently prejudicing the safety of the community.
"It was to serve all of these interests that Morrissey mandated preliminary and final revocation hearings.” Gagnon, supra, at 785-786.
See also, People v Hardin,