Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of involuntary manslaughter, MCL 750.321; MSA 28.553, felonious driving, MCL
Defendant’s first claim on appeal is that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence of gross negligence to support his convictions of manslaughter and felonious driving. We disagree.
In reviewing claims of insufficiency of the evidence to sustain a verdict, this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine if a rational factfinder could find the essential elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
People v Honeyman,
[T]he legally significant mental states [should be viewed] as lying on a continuum: criminal intention anchors one end of the spectrum and negligence anchors the other. Intention, as explained by Professor Hall, “emphasiz[es] that the actor seeks the proscribed harm not in the sense that he desires it, but in the sense that he has chosen it, he has decided to bring it into being.” General Principles of Criminal Law (2d ed), p 114. Negligence, lying at the opposite end of the spectrum, “implies inadvertence, i.e., that the defendant was completely unaware of the dangerousness of this behavior although actually it was unreasonably increasing the risk of occurrence of an injury.” Id.
Criminal negligence, also referred to as gross negligence, lies within the extremes of intention and negligence. As with intention, the actor realizes the risk of his behavior and consciously decides to create that risk. As with negligence, however, the actor does not seek to cause harm, but is simply “recklessly or wantonly indifferent to the results.”
Here, two sisters were standing on the yellow line in the middle of Greenfield Road waiting for traffic to clear when they were struck from behind by a van driven by defendant. One of the sisters was killed, and the other was injured. The accident occurred at approximately 3:00 P.M. on February 3, 1995, as the deceased was on her way home from school. The sole witness to the accident testified that the van was traveling at a speed of approximately fifty to fifty-five miles an hour when it struck the two sisters. The posted speed limit was thirty-five miles an hour. Defendant argues that this evidence was insufficient to show that he was driving in a grossly negligent manner at the time that he struck the decedent.
In order to show gross negligence, the following elements must be established:
(1) Knowledge of a situation requiring the exercise of ordinary care and diligence to avert injury to another.
(2) Ability to avoid the resulting harm by ordinary care and diligence in the use of the means at hand.
(3) The omission to use such care and diligence to avert the threatened danger when to the ordinary mind it must be apparent that the result is likely to prove disastrous to another. [People v Lardie,452 Mich 231 , 251-252;551 NW2d 656 (1996); People v Orr,243 Mich 300 , 307;220 NW 777 (1928).]
Here, there is no question that a jury could properly infer that defendant knew that the act of driving requires the exercise of ordinary care and diligence to avert injury to
A violation of the speed limit, by itself, is not adequate to establish the element of gross negligence.
Lardie, supra,
p 244;
People v Barnes,
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a jury could reasonably find that at the time his van struck the two sisters, defendant was traveling at a speed of fifty-five miles an hour in a thirty-five miles an hour zone during heavy traffic conditions. In addition, a jury could reasonably find that this speed was “a lot faster than the rest of traffic,” and significantly faster than the average speed on that stretch of road of forty to forty-five miles an hour. Finally, the two sisters had been standing stationary at the same location for several seconds. The fact that defendant did not slow down or swerve in an attempt to avoid striking them suggests that he was traveling at a reckless speed. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
a reasonable jury could find that defendant was grossly negligent. See
People v Moseler,
This conclusion is strengthened by the testimony concerning defendant’s conduct immediately following the accident. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, defendant approached the next light at a speed of fifty miles an hour. Defendant slowed down to a speed of twenty-five miles an hour to make a left turn onto Puritan against a red light. He nearly hit several cars in the process. Defendant continued on Puritan, weaving in and out of traffic, and forcing a vehicle in the oncoming lane off the road. The van then turned left onto Murray Hill, tires squealing, nearly hitting a grandmother and her grandchildren. It is true that evidence of immoderate speed at points remote from the scene of the accident is incompetent to establish immoderate speed at the accident scene itself.
People v Campbell,
Defendant’s last claim on appeal is that his sentence of twelve to thirty years’ imprisonment for the manslaughter conviction was disproportionate. We disagree. Review of habitual offender sentences is limited to consideration of whether the sentence violates the principle of proportionality.
People v Cervantes,
Affirmed.