195 N.W.2d 17 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1972
PEOPLE
v.
McCALEB
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and Thomas R. Lewis, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
*504 Kenneth A. Webb, for defendant on appeal.
Before: LESINSKI, C.J., and HOLBROOK and VAN VALKENBURG,[*] JJ.
LESINSKI, C.J.
Defendant William McCaleb was convicted by a jury of the crimes of carnal knowledge of a female over 16 years, MCLA 750.520; MSA 28.788, and committing an act of gross indecency between a male and a female, MCLA 750.338(b); MSA 28.570(2). He appeals as of right.
Defendant contends that it was reversible error for the trial court to instruct the jury that as a matter of law the act of fellatio is prohibited by the gross indecency statute, rather than leaving that determination to the jury as a basic element of the crime to be ascertained by the trier of fact.
The gross indecency statute does not define what constitutes its violation due to the indelicacy of the subject matter. The statute states:
"Any male person who, in public or in private, commits or is a party to the commission of any act of gross indecency with a female person shall be guilty of a felony, punishable as provided in this section. Any female person who, in public or in private, commits or is a party to the commission of any act of gross indecency with a male person shall be guilty of a felony punishable as provided in this section. Any person who procures or attempts to procure the commission of any act of gross indecency by and between any male person and any female person shall be guilty of a felony punishable as provided in this section. Any person convicted of a felony as provided in this section shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not *505 more than 5 years, or by a fine of not more than $2,500.00, or if such person was at the time of the said offense a sexually delinquent person, may be punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for an indeterminate term, the minimum of which shall be 1 day and the maximum of which shall be life."
This Court was called upon to interpret a similar statute, gross indecency between two male persons, MCLA 750.338; MSA 28.570, in People v Dexter, 6 Mich App 247 (1967).
In Dexter, we did not hold that as a matter of law fellatio is prohibited by the gross indecency statute. What this Court did in Dexter was affirm a jury's determination as trier of fact that the act of fellatio violated the gross indecency statute. Dictum from People v Schmitt, 275 Mich 575, 577 (1936), was cited in Dexter at 250, for the proposition that "fellatio is prohibited by the gross indecency statute". This statement, however, fails to tell us whether fellatio is prohibited as a matter of law or only upon jury determination. This statement in Schmitt relied on People v Swift, 172 Mich 473 (1912), for its authoritative basis. Swift, however, was a jury case in which the trier of fact determined in the first instance that the gross indecency statute had been violated. It is to be noted that nowhere in Swift is fellatio mentioned as the type of conduct prohibited by the act. Dexter and Schmitt, resting as they do on Swift, thus fail to resolve the issue posed by the case at bar.
This Court, in Dexter, p 252, held that the gross indecency statute was not unconstitutionally vague when the standard of People v Hicks, 98 Mich 86, 90 (1893), was applied. In Hicks, the Michigan Supreme Court stated what that standard is:
"In this case, as in State v Millard, 18 Vt 577, it may be said that `no particular definition is given *506 by the statute of what constitutes this crime. The indelicacy of the subject forbids it, and does not require of the court to state what particular conduct will constitute the offense. The common sense of the community, as well as the sense of decency, propriety, and morality which most people entertain, is sufficient to apply the statute to each particular case, and point out what particular conduct is rendered criminal by it.'"
In People v Noyes, 328 Mich 207, 211 (1950), the defendant was charged with taking indecent liberties with a child under the age of 16 under a statute, MCLA 750.336; MSA 28.568, which, like the gross indecency statute, does not describe the conduct it prohibits. The Michigan Supreme Court in that case specifically approved a charge based on the language quoted from Hicks, which left the determination of whether defendant's actions constituted indecent liberties to the jury as the trier of fact.
In People v Brandt, 18 Mich App 267, 270 (1969), another indecent liberties case, Judge J.H. GILLIS in his dissent relied on Hicks and Noyes for the proposition that:
"Whether defendant's conduct in the instant case `is not such a variation from permissible noncriminal conduct to justify characterization of the defendant's action as violative of this statute' is a question for the trier of fact."
The majority in Brandt, while stating that they felt this determination was one of law, nevertheless qualified this view in footnote 2 of their opinion by distinguishing this case, in which a judge served as trier of fact, from one in which a jury was present. The Court stated at 269-270:
"In this connection we note that in the cases relied on by the people the meritorious issue was decided *507 by a jury and not by a trial judge. As we observed in Humphrey v Swan (1968), 14 Mich App 683, 686:
"`Appellate courts traditionally exercise a broader review of judges' decisions than of jury verdicts.
"`"A jury's verdict-view of facts is entitled to an even higher degree of appellate respect than is a judge's verdict-view of the same facts, learned through [sic] the judge may be in law. For reasons known well to students of American history, a finding of fact by `the twelvers' is more apt to be sound than that of one man." Schneider v Pomerville (1957), 348 Mich 49, 54.'"
Thus it appears that if the trier of fact in Brandt had been a jury instead of a judge, the majority would have subscribed to Judge GILLIS' interpretation of the statute.
In the case at bar the trial judge charged the jury:
"Now count number II in this information is a count which is commonly known as gross indecency. Now this section as I have read it to you penalizes conduct that is of such a character that common sense of society regards it as indecent and improper. Penetration of the male penis into the mouth of a female constitutes the offense whether by force or by consent or agreement."
The jury's function in this case as the trier of fact was to determine that (1) defendant had engaged in fellatio with a female, and (2) fellatio between a male and a female is conduct which the common sense of society regards as indecent and improper. The effect of the trial judge's charge was to eliminate the second element of the crime, "whether the conduct was indecent," from the purview of the jury. In so doing, defendant was effectively denied a trial by jury on this count.
*508 The people contend that defendant's failure to object to this charge at trial waives any objection he might have on appeal. While this is the general rule, the Michigan Supreme Court in People v Liggett, 378 Mich 706, 714 (1967), stated:
"It is settled law of this State that the trial judge should instruct the jury in criminal cases as to general features of the case, define the offense and indicate that which is essential to prove to establish the offense, even in the absence of request. A case may be reversed because the charge omits a legally essential ingredient. People v Prinz, 148 Mich 307 [1907]; People v Kanar, 314 Mich 242, 254 [1946]; People v Hearn, 354 Mich 468 [1958]. Similarly, without a request, a case may be reversed because of an erroneous or misleading charge as opposed to one which merely omits a pertinent though not legally necessary point. People v MacPherson, 323 Mich 438, 448, et seq [1949]; People v Guillett, 342 Mich 1, 7 [1955]; People v Oberstaedt, 372 Mich 521, 526 [1964]. Defendant has a right to have a properly instructed jury pass upon the evidence. People v Visel, 275 Mich 77, 81 [1936]."
An essential element of the crime having been removed from the jury's consideration, we are faced with a situation in which People v Liggett, supra, is directly applicable. Consequently, defendant's failure to object did not waive this error on appeal.
Defendant next contends that it was reversible error for the trial court to instruct the jury, following an objection by the people to an inference made during closing argument of the defense, that:
"The presumption is that the people have produced all of the evidence that is available, that the prosecuting attorney [sic] that would be helpful in the decision of this case. It is unfortunate that people refer [sic, prefer] to make such references but *509 sometimes they do, and the jury is now instructed to disregard completely the statement of counsel for the defense on this [sic] last two or three sentences."
This instruction was not objected to by the defendant. Unlike the previous error, we find that no manifest injustice resulted to defendant by this instruction. Where no objection has been made to instructions, the alleged errors have not been saved for appellate review absent manifest injustice. People v McKeller, 30 Mich App 135 (1971). The exceptions to this consistent holding have involved failures to instruct or errors in instructing on basic and controlling issues. People v Charles Jackson, 21 Mich App 132, 133 (1970). While we have found that the previous instruction, which failed to mention a needed element of the crime was a basic and controlling issue, such is not the case with this instruction. Consequently, defendant's failure to object to this instruction waived the alleged error on appeal.
Defendant finally contends that his constitutional right to remain silent was violated by the use of the word "surprisingly" in the trial court charge to the jury on defendant's failure to take the stand and testify in his own defense. The original trial transcript indicated that the trial court charged:
"Under the law of this state a defendant may take the stand and testify on his own behalf or he may not. That is his choice. He has the right not to testify, the defendant in this case had a right to go upon the witness stand and testify in his own behalf if he chose to do so. The law, however, surprisingly provides that no presumption adverse to him is to arise from the mere fact that he does not place himself upon the witness stand, so in this case the mere fact that this defendant has not availed himself of the privilege which the law gives him should not be *510 permitted to prejudice him in any way. It should not be considered as evidence either of his guilt or innocence. The failure of the defendant to testify is not even a circumstance against him and no presumption of guilt can be indulged in by the jury on account of such failure on his part." (Emphasis supplied.)
Our examination of the record indicated that a mistake had occurred in transcribing the trial transcript. The court reporter's notes clearly show that the word "expressly" was used in the charge rather than "surprisingly." The charge was therefore in compliance with the charge suggested by 2 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure, § 906, form no. 403, p 1282, Respondent's Failure To Testify. Accordingly, the court reporter has provided this Court with four corrected pages in addition to filing an affidavit detailing the error. In view of the fact that no such error actually occurred in the trial, the issue as to this portion of the charge is moot.
Affirmed as to the conviction for carnal knowledge of a female over 16 years.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial as to the conviction for gross indecency between male and female persons.
All concurred.
NOTES
[*] Former circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 23 as amended in 1968.