275 N.W.2d 12 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1978
PEOPLE
v.
LONGUEMIRE
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Eugene C. Penzien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Peter F. Dahm, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Terence R. Flanagan, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and BRONSON and CYNAR, JJ.
DANHOF, C.J.
Defendant was charged with perjury, see MCL 750.422; MSA 28.664,[1] on the basis of his testimony at a prior trial, in which he was defending against charges of breaking and entering, larceny over $100 and larceny in a building. On February 25, 1976, defendant was found guilty *397 of these larceny and burglary charges.[2] The perjury information was in three counts. Count one alleged perjury by defendant's testimony as follows: "I didn't commit that B & E. I didn't. I ain't never broke into people's houses." The second charged perjury by answering "no" to a question whether defendant had committed a breaking and entering in the neighborhood of a witness, Mrs. Smith. The last count complained of knowing falsification by the statement: "I didn't commit no B & E. I'm innocent of that. If I ever did something wrong, I didn't do that. I didn't commit it."
The trial court granted defendant's motion to quash the information relying "solely on the authority of People v Taylor, 34 Mich. App. 84 [190 NW2d 720] (1971)", and holding the perjury prosecution to constitute double jeopardy.
We disagree that the prosecution of this charge places defendant in double jeopardy for the reason that the alleged perjury and breaking and entering were clearly separate transactions. People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 NW2d 222 (1973). However, we affirm the quashing of the information for the reasons stated below.
Any threat of prosecution for perjury based on testimony by the defendant in a criminal proceeding raises a potential conflict of interest. On the one hand, the fear of collateral repercussions from testifying may discourage an accused from taking the stand on his own behalf. Scott v United States, 135 US App DC 377; 419 F2d 264 (1969). A defendant's right to testify on his own behalf is of constitutional *398 magnitude, Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96; 235 NW2d 132 (1975), and is expressly safeguarded by our own court rules, GCR 1963, 785.7 (1) (g) (x). On the other hand, excusing defendants from liability for perjury might encourage false testimony and thereby diminish the integrity of our factfinding system. In a related context, the United States Supreme Court recently held that a criminal defendant has no protected right to commit perjury. United States v Grayson, 438 U.S. 41; 98 S. Ct. 2610; 57 L. Ed. 2d 582 (1978).
As a rule of law to resolve this conflict, we hold that although a criminal defendant taking the stand on his own behalf does not have a license to lie, United States v Grayson, supra, he must be protected from threats of perjury prosecutions that unnecessarily chill his right to testify. Cf. United States v Jackson, 390 U.S. 570; 88 S. Ct. 1209; 20 L. Ed. 2d 138 (1968).
In determining whether a perjury information unnecessarily discourages a defendant from exercising his right to testify, a careful distinction must be drawn between perjury as to basic adjudicative facts and perjury as to issues of ultimate fact or law mixed with fact. Basic adjudicative facts pertain to who did what, where, when, how and with what motive or intent. Davis, Administrative Law, § 7.03, p 160. They may be proved for both substantive and impeachment purposes. Ultimate fact questions concern the legal definitions and effects ascribed to the basic facts or combinations of basic facts as found.[3] At common law, it is *399 doubtful that false testimony as to the latter can ever be a basis for a perjury charge, since a court would most likely construe it as mere opinion or as a conclusion of law beyond the realm of common knowledge. See 18 Mich Law & Practice, Perjury, § 1, p 458. But see Hoch v People, 3 Mich. 552 (1855); cf. Guilty Plea Cases, supra, (for purposes of informing defendant of the nature of the charges against him, it can be expected that most persons will understand the generic term "breaking and entering"). To the extent such a charge is valid at common law, it is constitutionally impermissible as it discourages defendants from exercising their rights to testify, without substantially benefiting the administration of justice. The chance that a defendant will lie about the ultimate fact at issue in his case does not significantly threaten the integrity of the fact-finding process. Knowing the primary historical events, the factfinder can judge guilt or innocence on its own. The discouraging effect of potential perjury liability in such a situation, while not overwhelming,[4] is "unnecessary and therefore excessive". Cf. United States v Jackson, supra, 582.
United States v Grayson, supra, is not inconsistent with this approach. That case dealt with the validity of sentence enhancement for perjury rather than separate and subsequent liability for perjury. Hence, the decision implicates a different policy choice; rather than seeking to ensure the integrity of the fact-finding process, the Grayson Court was concerned with the relevancy of a defendant's mendacity to sentencing. Moreover, the *400 alleged perjury in Grayson went to basic adjudicative facts rather than ultimate questions of fact and law. Grayson, while on trial for unlawful escape from prison, testified that he left out of fear, that another inmate had just threatened him with a large stick with a nail protruding through it, and that he had previously mentioned threats from other inmates to a prison official. He also swore that after he crossed the prison fence he discarded his prison jacket and shirt but not his trousers. This testimony was relevant to defendant's credibility and to the issue of whether defendant's escape was planned or was a spontaneous product of duress. If Grayson's testimony was false and had been believed, it could have seriously undermined the fact-finder's conclusions on those issues.
Judged by the foregoing tests, counts two and three of the information challenged in this case were properly quashed. The breaking and entering referred to in the second count was the breaking and entering with which defendant had been charged. The statement repeated in the third count was defendant's answer to his attorney's question whether he had committed that offense. Both counts are justly characterized as charges for opposing the state on the ultimate issue of defendant's guilt.
Count one presents a closer question. The statement related in that paragraph of the information had been made in response to an inquiry by defendant's attorney whether defendant had gone to a home to check it out to see if anyone else was there in order to commit the breaking and entering with which he was charged. The last sentence of defendant's answer "I ain't never broke into people's houses" arguably contains testimony as *401 to basic adjudicative fact. Nonetheless, because the major thrust of the statement was to deny an essential element of the crime and because the arguably unprotected testimony was incidental, not in response to a specific question, we construe the answer in toto and deny perjury liability on the basis of any of the assertions therein.
By our resolution of these issues, we have obviated the need to discuss other errors claimed by defendant.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] The statute reads:
"Any person who, being lawfully required to depose the truth in any proceeding in a court of justice, shall commit perjury shall be guilty of a felony, punishable, if such perjury was committed on the trial of an indictment for a capital crime, by imprisonment in the state prison for life, or any term of years, and if committed in any other case, by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than 15 years."
[2] As a habitual offender, he was sentenced to serve concurrent terms of 5 to 22-1/2 years, 3 to 7-1/2 years and 2-1/2 to 6 years imprisonment. However, in People v Longuemire, 77 Mich. App. 17, 24; 257 NW2d 273 (1977), the Court, sua sponte, vacated defendant's conviction and sentence for larceny over $100 since conviction for that crime and for larceny in a building violated double jeopardy on the facts of the case.
[3] Ultimate facts encompass statements as to noncommission of the crime charged or a legal element of the crime. Thus, statements such as "I didn't bribe Mr. X" or "I didn't break into that house" are statements of ultimate facts which cannot be used as a basis for perjury. Conversely statements which indicate actual details of the crime charged such as "I didn't give Mr. X $50,000" or "I didn't force the door open" are adjudicative facts which can form the basis for a perjury charge.
[4] The risk of conviction for misstatements of ultimate fact may be slight. Not only are such statements likely to be construed as opinion, but also, given the mixture of law and fact inherent in such conclusions, the people would bear a heavy burden of proving the defendant knew the statement was false when he made it.