Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317, and sentenced to twelve to thirty years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals as of right both his conviction and his sentence. We affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Defendant’s conviction arose from the events of August 20, 1999, when defendant repeatedly struck his wife over the head with a glass mug after allegedly being informed that she was seeing another man. After the attack, defendant called 911 and asked one of his neighbors to come check on his wife because he had just beaten her up. Another individual also called 911, and within minutes police and medical personnel arrived at the scene, and the victim was transported to Spectrum Hospital. As a result of severe head injuries, the victim slipped in and out of consciousness, lapsed into a coma, and died on September 3, 1999. 1 Dr. Stephen Cohle, a forensic pathologist who conducted an autopsy of the victim, testified that the victim had suffered extensive bruising on the underside of the scalp and had suffered “two blows to the top of the head,” which “not only caused the skull [to be] driven inward,” but also resulted in fractures from the depressed portion of *249 the skull all the way “down to the floor of the skull.” According to Cohle, “in order to cause a depressed fracture ... it would take a very severe blow by a heavy object” and the amount of force required would be equal to “an adult person striking the victim . . . with ... all of his or her might.” In addition, the pathologist established that the victim suffered a comminuted nasal fracture, a fracture of the right orbit, two lacerations of the inner lip, one laceration on her chin, and that her upper denture was cracked and missing a tooth.
Defendant, who chose not to testify, did not dispute that he had caused his wife’s injuries, and eventual death, by hitting her in the head with a glass mug. Indeed, defendant’s only defense was to allege that he was not guilty of second-degree murder and argue that because he attacked his wife as a result of adequate provocation brought on in the heat of passion (i.e., being informed by his wife that she was having an affair), he should only be found guilty of voluntary manslaughter, MCL 750.321. To this end, defense counsel elicited testimony from witnesses tending to show that defendant’s wife was involved in an affair at the time of the attack, and during closing arguments informed the jury of the elements of voluntary manslaughter and stated that “[t]he facts of this case dictate that you have to find Mr. Lange guilty of manslaughter. And I’m going to ask you to make the difficult decision, but the one that is dictated by the law, and find Charles Lange guilty of manslaughter.”
Following deliberations, the jury convicted defendant of second-degree murder and the trial court originally sentenced defendant to fourteen to thirty years’ imprisonment; however, after correction of a sentenc *250 ing guidelines scoring error, the trial court resen-tenced defendant to twelve to thirty years’ imprisonment.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
On appeal, defendant first argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction of second-degree murder. We disagree.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When a defendant claims the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction, we review the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the prosecution in order to determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that all the elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
People v Johnson,
B. ANALYSIS
Defendant first contends that because the forensic pathologist testified that it was possible the victim’s death could have been caused by asphyxiation from accumulated secretions in the victim’s airway, which would only have occurred because of gross medical negligence, the prosecution failed to establish that defendant caused the victim’s death. 2 We disagree.
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To prove the elements of second-degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt, the prosecutor must present evidence of “ ‘ “(1) a death, (2) caused by an act of the defendant, (3) with malice, and (4) without justification or excuse.” ’ ”
People v Aldrich,
Here, there was no dispute that defendant hit the victim over the head with a glass mug. In addition, the pathologist testified during direct- and cross-examination that the victim’s death was the result of severe head injuries. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
Johnson,
supra;
Taylor, supra,
there is no question that the jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the victim’s death was caused by defendant when he intentionally hit the victim in the head with a glass mug.
Aldrich, supra
at 123. Further, because of the degree of force needed to cause the victim’s injuries, the jury could have reasonably inferred that defendant acted with malice.
Id.,
citing
People v Djordjevic,
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in. SCORING OF OFFENSE VARIABLE 1
Defendant also argues that the trial court sentenced him on the basis of an inaccurate scoring of offense variable 1, MCL 777.31, and that he is therefore entitled to be resentenced. Specifically, defendant contends that a glass mug is an object not designed to be used as a weapon and therefore he should not have been assessed ten points under offense variable 1. See MCL 777.31(l)(c). We disagree. We have found no case that defines the term “weapon” as used in MCL 777.31(l)(c). Thus, this issue appears to be one of first impression.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The question whether a glass mug can be considered a weapon for purposes of MCL 777.31(l)(c) is a
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matter of statutory interpretation and is therefore a question of law that we review de novo.
Etefia v Credit Technologies, Inc,
In considering a question of statutory construction, this Court begins by examining the language of the statute. We read the statutory language in context to determine whether ambiguity exists. If the language is unambiguous, judicial construction is precluded. We enforce an unambiguous statute as written. Where ambiguity exists, however, this Court seeks to effectuate the Legislature’s intent through a reasonable construction, considering the purpose of the statute and the object sought to be accomplished. [Citations omitted.]
Unless defined in the statute, every word or phrase of a statute should be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, taking into account the context in which the words are used,
Phillips v Jordan,
B. ANALYSIS
MCL 777.31, which codified offense variable 1, provides, in part:
(1) Offense variable 1 is aggravated use of a weapon. Score offense variable 1 by determining which of the following apply and by assigning the number of points attributable to the one that has the highest number of points:
(a) A firearm was discharged at or toward a human being or a victim was cut or stabbed with a knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon......................................................25 points
(b) A firearm was pointed at or toward a victim or the victim had a reasonable apprehension of an immediate battery when threatened with a knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon..................................................................15 points
(c) The victim was touched by any other type of weapon .....................................................................................10 points
(d) A weapon was displayed or implied.................5 points
(e) No aggravated use of a weapon occurred.......0 points
(2) All of the following apply to scoring offense variable 1:
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(c) Score 5 points if an offender used an object to suggest the presence of a weapon. [Emphasis added.]
Defendant first contends that because there was no evidence that he had planned to use the glass mug as a weapon, he should not be assessed ten points under offense variable 1. The trial court rejected this argument:
*255 The argument is being made here that what in reality this offense variable is contemplating is the planned use of some implement. It does not say that as a statute. I have to construe it strictly. There’s no question that the mug which became the instrument of death here was not intended to be used as a weapon, but it’s equally indisputable that, as used, it was a weapon.
We agree with the trial court. The plain language of the statute establishes that the Legislature did not intend the term “weapon” to contemplate only those objects that suggest planning or preparation by the offender. See
In re MCI Telecommunications Complaint,
Second, defendant contends that when MCL 777.31(l)(c) is read in context with the other statutory provisions of the act, the meaning of the term “weapon” is ambiguous and unclear. Again, we disagree. When the Legislature acts in a certain subject area, it is presumed that the Legislature is aware of existing judicial interpretations of words and phrases within that subject area. The Legislature’s silence when using terms previously interpreted by the courts suggests agreement with the courts’ construction.
People v Babcock,
In
People v Vaines,
“Some weapons carry their dangerous character because so designed and are, when employed, per se, deadly, while other instrumentalities are not dangerous weapons unless turned to such purpose. The test as to the latter is whether the instrumentality was used as a weapon and, when so employed in an assault, dangerous. The character of a dangerous weapon attaches by adoption when the instrumentality is applied to use against another in furtherance of an assault. When the purpose is evidenced by act, and the instrumentality is adapted to accomplishment of the assault and capable of inflicting serious injury, then it is, when so employed, a dangerous weapon.”
Daggers, dirks, stilettos, metallic knuckles, slung-shots, pistols, and similar articles, designed for the purpose of bodily assault or defense, are generally recognized as dangerous weapons per se. Other articles and instruments become dangerous weapons only when they are used or carried for use as weapons. . . . People v Gogak [205 Mich 260 , 265;171 NW 428 (1919)].
We are convinced that the legislature intended the words “other dangerous weapon,”... to mean any concealed article or instrument which the carrier used ... as a weapon for bodily assault or defense. [Quoting People v Goolsby,284 Mich 375 , 378;279 NW 867 (1938), emphasis added.]
This Court relied on the definition in
Vaines
to opine that a screwdriver, when used as a knife, constitutes a dangerous weapon, see
People v Barkley,
Finally, we note that Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997) defines “weapon” as “any instrument or device used for attack or defense in a fight or in combat” and “anything used against an opponent, adversary or victim.” Id. at 1454. Applying this dictionary definition to MCL 777.31(l)(c), it is clear that ten points are to be scored when the “victim was touched by any other [instrument or device used for attack ... in a fight or in combat].” We conclude, therefore, that the term “weapon,” whether through acquiescence in judicial interpretation or as accorded its plain, common, everyday meaning, is applicable to a glass mug that is used as a weapon, and that the trial court properly assessed ten points to defendant under offense variable 1, MCL 777.31(l)(c).
We also reject defendant’s contention that because the Legislature provided for only five points to be assessed when the presence of a weapon was implied, see MCL 777.31(l)(d) and (2)(c), the statutory language is ambiguous about the Legislature’s intent to assess points when an object not characterized as a weapon per se is used as a weapon. The Legislative scheme assesses points for the use of specific types of weapons in MCL 777.31(l)(a) and (b), and is more generalized in approach in MCL 777.31(l)(c). MCL 777.31(l)(c) acts as a “catch all” provision, showing the Legislature’s intent to assess points for the use of weapons across the broadest
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possible range of circumstances, consistent with the goal of evaluating the appropriate sentence range for a particular defendant. See
People v Morris,
Because no error occurred when defendant was assessed ten points for offense variable 1, and because defendant’s twelve-year minimum sentence falls within the appropriate guidelines range of 144 to 240 months, we affirm defendant’s sentence. Babcock, supra at 73; MCL 769.34(10).
IV. CONCLUSION
The prosecution presented sufficient evidence to allow a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the elements of second-degree murder. In addition, defendant was properly scored ten points under MCL 777.31(l)(c) for the use of a glass mug during the attack of the victim, defendant’s sentencing guidelines range is appropriately estab *259 lished at 144 to 240 months, and defendant’s twelve-year minimum sentence is within that range. Accordingly, the jury’s verdict and the sentence are affirmed.
Affirmed.
Notes
The victim did regain consciousness the day before her death.
Defendant neither raised this issue below nor presented any evidence at trial to substantiate a claim of gross medical negligence. Instead, defense counsel
admitted
during both his opening statement and his closing argument that defendant was guilty of voluntary manslaughter. This admission constitutes the acknowledgement that defendant caused the
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victim’s death. While we acknowledge that a defendant has the right to assert inconsistent defenses,
People v Lemons,