494 N.W.2d 11 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1992
PEOPLE
v.
LaCLEAR
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Richard Thompson, Prosecuting Attorney, Michael J. Modelski, Chief, Appellate Division, and Janice A. Kabodian, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Ronald E. Kaplovitz, for the defendant on appeal.
Before: HOOD, P.J., and CONNOR and TAYLOR, JJ.
HOOD, P.J.
Defendant pleaded guilty in the Oakland Circuit Court of charges of possession of more than 50, but less than 225, grams of cocaine with intent to deliver, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii); MSA 14.15(7401)(2)(a)(iii), two counts of carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, driving with a suspended license, MCL 257.904(1); MSA 9.2604(1), and being a third-felony habitual offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. He was sentenced to terms of five to twenty years, two to five years, and ninety days for the first three convictions, but these sentences were then vacated in favor of a sentence of five to forty years for the habitual offender conviction.
*539 Defendant appeals as of right. We reverse and remand. This case is being decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(A).
Defendant first argues that he was entrapped and that, therefore, the charges against him should have been dismissed. This issue was not waived by defendant's guilty plea. People v White, 411 Mich. 366, 401-402; 308 NW2d 128 (1981) (opinion of MOODY, J.); People v Graczyk, 156 Mich. App. 632, 634; 402 NW2d 60 (1986).
At defendant's entrapment hearing, the court focused solely on whether the informant was an agent of the police. The court did not inquire into what the informant's actions were vis-a-vis the defendant. It instead ended the hearing when it found that the informant was not an agent of the police because he was not being paid or compensated by the police and because the police did not control his activities. This finding is clearly erroneous in light of the undisputed evidence on the record.
"`When persons who are not law-enforcement officials act with official encouragement or assistance, they should be treated as government agents for purposes of the entrapment defense.'" People v Jones, 165 Mich. App. 670, 674; 419 NW2d 47 (1988), quoting People v Stanley, 68 Mich. App. 559, 564; 243 NW2d 684 (1976).
As noted by the Jones panel, "[t]here is very little law in Michigan as to what degree of `encouragement or assistance' is necessary for a finding that a person acted as a government agent." 165 Mich. App. 674. In Jones, important factors in favor of finding that the informant was an agent were his long-term ongoing relationship with the police and that the police exercised a lot of control over him. 165 Mich. App. 675. However, the fact that the informant set up the offense without *540 police involvement did not defeat the finding that he acted with their "encouragement or assistance." 165 Mich. App. 675.
The testimony in this case showed that the informant called the arresting officer the previous evening to report a stolen car parked on the lawn of the home where defendant was staying. The following evening, the informant called the officer again and indicated that the defendant had called him and had stated that he was concerned because there were guns, drugs, and drug paraphernalia in the house and the police had been checking on the car parked outside. There were several telephone calls between the informant and the officer, some of them relayed by the police dispatcher because of faulty equipment, culminating in defendant's arrest. The substance of these conversations was not made clear at the hearing.
It is undisputed that the informant had an ongoing relationship with the police and had previously provided the officer with information leading to arrests. It is also undisputed that the informant asked the arresting officer how to proceed regarding defendant. Further, although the officer denied telling him what to do, the informant testified that the police dispatcher did give him information and "ideas of how to handle the situation as far as procedure." The informant also indicated that, after several telephone calls back and forth to the police and to the defendant, he "talked him into it," meaning that the informant talked the defendant into bringing the guns and drugs to the informant's apartment, apparently for safekeeping. Clearly, the informant acted with at least police encouragement and perhaps even with police assistance.
The trial court erroneously relied on lack of police control over the informant's precise actions *541 to find that he was not a police agent. Despite some ambiguity in the past, a majority of our Supreme Court now holds that lack of control, rather than being a positive factor, militates in favor of finding entrapment. See People v Juillet, 439 Mich. 34, 57, 66, 79-80; 475 NW2d 786 (1991) (BRICKLEY, J., with RILEY and GRIFFIN, JJ., concurring, and CAVANAGH, C.J., with LEVIN and MALLETT, JJ., concurring); see also People v Rowell, 153 Mich. App. 99, 104; 395 NW2d 253 (1986); People v Duis, 81 Mich. App. 698, 702; 265 NW2d 794 (1978). This latest majority varies somewhat from People v Jamieson, 436 Mich. 61, 90, 97; 461 NW2d 884 (1990), in which BRICKLEY, J., with RILEY and BOYLE, JJ., concurring, and CAVANAGH, J., concurring separately, opined that lack of control showed that the police did not manufacture the crime.
We find that the rationale of Juillet mandates reversal. The purpose of the entrapment rule would be defeated if police were allowed to reap the benefits of their relationship with informants while allowing those informants free reign to select and ensnare their victims and at the same time disclaiming any responsibility for the informants' actions. The trial court erred in finding that the informant was not a police agent, despite the evidence on the record of police encouragement and perhaps assistance.
Contrary to the dissent's assertions, we do not decide whether there was entrapment. The evidence on the record is insufficient for that purpose. We merely hold that, as a matter of law, the trial court used an incorrect standard in determining whether the informant was a government agent. We believe that police officers must be held accountable for the actions of informants who are acting pursuant to police direction, encouragement, *542 and assistance. Police officers cannot sanitize their actions simply by acting through private citizens. However, the fact that an informant is considered a police agent is not evidence that the informant's actions, which are attributable to the police, constitute impermissible or reprehensible conduct. On remand, the trial court should receive evidence regarding the parties' precise conduct and determine whether it constitutes entrapment under either of the prongs of the Juillet test. See People v Fabiano, 192 Mich. App. 523, 531-532; 482 NW2d 467 (1992).
In light of our holding, we decline to address defendant's argument that the trial court abused its discretion in not finding substantial and compelling reasons to deviate from the mandatory minimum sentence for the drug conviction except to note that defendant was sentenced as an habitual offender.
Reversed and remanded.
CONNOR, J., concurred.
TAYLOR, J. (dissenting).
In concluding that the trial court's finding that the informant was not a police agent was clearly erroneous on the facts of this case, the majority sounds the death knell for civilian-assisted arrests. Contrary to the majority's analysis of this case, I would find that where an "informant acted with at least police encouragement and perhaps even with police assistance," ante, p 540, a trial court's conclusion that the informant is not an agent of police may be debatable, but it is not necessarily clearly erroneous. It is that standard of review that we must apply to such a ruling. As it now stands, however, the majority ensures that virtually every individual who previously has had some involvement with *543 police, is aware of ongoing criminal activity, and telephones police for advice or assistance regarding that activity, is a police agent. This state of affairs will result, for example, in rendering useless to police the help of people interested in keeping their neighborhoods free of crime because of a justified police fear that the assistance of such people will constitute entrapment.
The majority asserts that our Supreme Court now holds that a lack of control over an informant "militates in favor of finding entrapment." Ante, p 541. To the contrary, People v Juillet, 439 Mich. 34; 475 NW2d 786 (1991), stands for the proposition that police may not hire and let loose an informant with a suspect track record, studiously ignore that informant's extravagant and ill-advised behavior, and then expect that the informant's gross conduct will not be attributed to them. This latter principled rule is a far cry from an all-encompassing rule that lack of control over an informant always militates toward a finding of entrapment. While the degree of control exerted over an informant may well be evidence of impermissible or reprehensible police conduct in many cases, People v Fabiano, 192 Mich. App. 523, 531-532; 482 NW2d 467 (1992), the quantum of control should not be used by this Court to establish a red-line test for police agency.
Because I would find no abuse of the trial court's discretion in sentencing defendant to no more than the mandatory minimum term, despite defendant's habitual offender status, I would affirm.