296 N.W.2d 298 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1980
PEOPLE
v.
KUBASIAK
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, David H. Sawyer, Prosecuting Attorney, and Carol S. Irons, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
*532 David M. Hall, for defendant on appeal.
Before: R.B. BURNS, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
J.H. GILLIS, J.
The defendant was charged with felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277, breaking and entering with the intent to commit felonious assault, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(f). A preliminary examination was held on September 12, 1978, at the conclusion of which the defendant was bound over for trial on all three charges.
Prior to trial, the defendant moved in the circuit court to quash the information. The motion was denied in an order dated June 14, 1979. The defendant thereafter sought leave to appeal to this Court. The application for leave to appeal was granted in an order dated December 21, 1979. GCR 1963, 806.2.
The defendant contends on appeal that the evidence adduced at the preliminary examination was insufficient to support the magistrate's decision to bind him over on any of the above charges.
It is the duty of the examining magistrate to bind a defendant over for trial if it appears that a crime has been committed and there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed it. MCL 766.13; MSA 28.931, People v Asta, 337 Mich. 590, 609-610; 60 NW2d 472 (1953). While positive proof of guilt is not required, there must be evidence on each element of the crime charged or evidence from which those elements may be inferred. People v Oster, 67 Mich. App. 490, 495; 241 NW2d 260 (1976). A magistrate's determination at the preliminary examination should not be disturbed unless a clear abuse of discretion is demonstrated. *533 People v Doss, 406 Mich. 90, 101; 276 NW2d 9 (1979).
Our initial inquiry is whether the people presented sufficient evidence to support the magistrate's finding that the crime of first-degree criminal sexual conduct contrary to MCL 750.520b(1)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(f) had been committed.
MCL 750.520l MSA 28.788(12) provides:
"A person does not commit sexual assault under this act if the victim is his or her legal spouse, unless the couple are living apart and one of them has filed for separate maintenance or divorce."
The defendant's wife is the alleged victim of the criminal sexual conduct charge. The defendant contends that the marital relationship precludes a finding that first-degree criminal sexual conduct had been committed.
The defendant argues that the inter-spousal immunity of MCL 750.520l extends to all forms of criminal sexual conduct; in particular, first-degree criminal sexual conduct. The people argue that the statute's use of the term sexual "assault" indicates that inter-spousal immunity extends only to those acts of criminal sexual conduct which involve an assault, i.e., assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520g; MSA 28.788(7).
Where the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, judicial construction thereof is precluded. Lansing v Lansing Twp, 356 Mich. 641, 648-649; 97 NW2d 804 (1959). Where, as here, the statute is reasonably subject to two or more interpretations, the proper interpretation must be ascertained by reference to the canons of judicial construction. King v Director of Midland County Dep't of Social Services, 73 Mich. App. 253, 258; 251 NW2d 270 (1977).
*534 Criminal statutes are strictly construed. A defendant cannot be convicted under the language of a statute unless his acts are clearly and unequivocally uncompassed by its terms. People v Lyons, 93 Mich. App. 35, 43; 285 NW2d 788 (1979). The rule is most often employed in determining what actions come within the scope of a statutory prohibition. If there is doubt as to whether the act charged is embraced in the prohibition, that doubt is to be resolved in favor of the defendant. This principle is based on the idea of notice to the defendant. People v Ellis, 204 Mich. 157, 161; 169 N.W. 930 (1918).
This principle also reflects the premise that it is the job of the Legislature to define criminal offenses. Restraint by the courts in interpreting criminal statutes works to avoid judicial infringement of that legislative function. No principle is more universally settled than that which deprives all courts of authority to infer, from their judicial ideas of policy, crimes not defined by statute or by common-law precedent. Ware v Branch Circuit Judge, 75 Mich. 488, 491; 42 N.W. 997 (1889), quoted in People v Willie Johnson, 75 Mich. App. 221, 225; 255 NW2d 207 (1977).
These principles are supportive of the interpretation urged by the defendant. Case law prior to the adoption of the criminal sexual conduct act held that a man could not be guilty of raping his wife. See People v Pizzura, 211 Mich. 71; 178 N.W. 235 (1920). To adopt plaintiff's interpretation of MCL 750.520l would subject the defendant to punishment for a crime which is neither clearly defined by statute nor defined at all by common-law precedent. This cannot be done without wholly violating the above principles of construction. As such, we hold that MCL 750.520l is properly interpreted *535 to mean that an actor does not commit first-through-fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct if the victim is his or her legal spouse unless the parties are living apart and one of them has filed for separate maintenance or divorce.
We note that this interpretation is consistent with our perception of the legislative intent underlying MCL 750.520l. We have examined the various extrinsic aids cited by the parties which relate to such legislative intent and conclude that while the Legislature intended that the criminal sexual conduct act strengthen the criminal law describing unlawful sexual conduct, People v Nelson, 79 Mich. App. 303, 319; 261 NW2d 299 (1977), it did not intend to extend such strengthening as far as is argued by the plaintiff. See, generally, Note: Michigan's Criminal Sexual Assault Law, 8 U Mich J Law Ref 217, 232-233 (1974), Note: Criminal Law Sexual Offenses A Critical Analysis of Michigan's Criminal Sexual Conduct Act, 23 Wayne L Rev 203, 210 (1976), 1979 Michigan Second Revised Criminal Code, § 2340 and comments thereto.
An examination of the record in the present case discloses that, while it is undisputed that the parties were living apart at the time of the offense, it is similarly undisputed that neither had filed an action for divorce or separate maintenance. On these facts we must conclude that MCL 750.520l applies and precludes a finding that the first-degree criminal sexual conduct had been committed.[1] The magistrate's determination to the contrary constitutes an abuse of discretion.
We next consider whether the people presented sufficient evidence at the preliminary examination *536 to support the magistrate's findings that the crimes of felonious assault and breaking and entering with intent to commit felonious assault had, in fact, been committed and that there existed probable cause to believe that the defendant committed them.
In answering this question we must first address an evidentiary matter. It is well-settled that an examining magistrate may consider only legally admissible evidence in reaching a decision to bind a defendant over for trial. People v Walker, 385 Mich. 565; 189 NW2d 234 (1971). The defendant claims that the magistrate erred in considering the testimony of the investigating officer concerning a prior statement made by the victim of the felonious assault.
Otherwise objectionable hearsay testimony is admissible if it falls within a recognized exception to the hearsay rule of exclusion. MRE 803(5) provides:
"The following [is] not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
* * *
"(5) Recorded recollection. A memorandum or record concerning a matter about which a witness once had knowledge but now has insufficient recollection to enable him to testify fully and accurately, shown to have been made or adopted by the witness when the matter was fresh in his memory and to reflect that knowledge correctly. If admitted, the memorandum or record may be read into evidence but may not itself be received as an exhibit unless offered by an adverse party."
Documents admitted pursuant to this rule must meet three requisites: (1) The document must pertain to matters about which the declarant once had knowledge; (2) The declarant must now have *537 an insufficient recollection as to such matters; (3) The document must be shown to have been made by the declarant or, if made by one other than the declarant, to have been examined by the declarant and shown to accurately reflect the declarant's knowledge when the matters were fresh in his memory. United States v Edwards, 539 F2d 689, 691-692 (CA 9, 1976), cert den 429 U.S. 984; 97 S. Ct. 501; 50 L. Ed. 2d 594 (1976), and United States v Williams, 571 F2d 344, 348 (CA 6, 1978), interpreting FRE 803(5) which is identical to MRE 803(5). See, generally, Moncrief v Detroit, 398 Mich. 181, 189-190; 247 NW2d 783 (1976).
In the present case, Ronald Schansema, the victim of the alleged felonious assault, made the statement in question to the investigating officer five days after the incident. The officer prepared a report reflecting the statement. Schansema testified at the preliminary examination that he had no present recollection of the events at issue. The magistrate permitted the officer to read the report into evidence.
We find that the first and second requisites to admissibility were satisfied. The question presented is whether the third was. Did Schansema examine the report and find it to be accurate when the matter was fresh in his memory? An examination of the record indicates that he did not. There is no indication that the declarant adopted the report at a time when he retained knowledge of the matter. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that the report accurately reflected the events which transpired. The third requisite to admissibility was not satisfied. The magistrate improperly considered such evidence at the preliminary examination.
The question becomes whether, absent such improperly *538 considered evidence, there was nevertheless presented sufficient evidence to support the magistrate's bind-over decision. The answer is that there was not.
The elements of felonious assault are (1) an assault (2) with a dangerous weapon. People v Johnson, 42 Mich. App. 544, 546-547; 202 NW2d 340 (1972). In the present case, a neighbor testified that he saw two men[2] with an "object" in hand break a window in the apartment of Susan Kubasiak. Mrs. Kubasiak testified that the defendant and the codefendant entered her apartment through the broken window and ran into the living room in pursuit of Schansema. The defendant then forced her into the bedroom and attempted to engage in sexual intercourse. Mrs. Kubasiak did not see any weapon in the hand of either the defendant or his codefendant.
On these facts, we hold that sufficient evidence was not presented to show that a felonious assault had taken place. While it is arguable that an assault[3] may be inferred on these facts (something prevented Schansema from attempting to help Mrs. Kubasiak), the presence and use of a dangerous weapon may not. There is no evidence with which to identify the "object" which was used to break the window as a dangerous weapon nor is there any evidence to permit the inference that the "object" was utilized for any purpose other than to break the window. Accordingly, we hold that the magistrate abused his discretion in binding the defendant over on the charge of felonious assault.
*539 The same conclusion obtains with respect to the breaking and entering with intent to commit felonious assault charge. With respect to such a charge, the prosecutor has the duty to prove that the defendant intended to commit the particular felony charged, i.e., felonious assault. People v Westerberg, 274 Mich. 647; 265 N.W. 489 (1936). The above analysis which concluded that insufficient evidence was presented to support the finding that a felonious assault occurred similarly supports the conclusion that insufficient evidence was presented to support the finding that a felonious assault was intended. Accordingly, we hold that the magistrate abused his discretion in binding the defendant over on the breaking and entering charge.
The circuit judge's failure to quash the information against the defendant was erroneous as to all three charges. The circuit court is reversed. The information is quashed.
R.B. BURNS, P.J., concurred.
D.C. RILEY, J. (concurring).
I concur in my colleagues's disposition of this case. However, I write separately to urge the Legislature to modify MCL 750.520l; MSA 28.788(12).
As presently written, the statute only recognizes sexual assault between spouses if the couple is living apart and if one of them has filed for separate maintenance or divorce. Although I can readily accept the requirement of separate quarters to demonstrate rejection of the marriage, I cannot agree with the necessity for filing. There are many possible financial and social reasons why a spouse might separate but not seek a divorce. I do not believe that these spouses should be penalized for their choice, one which may have been selected out of necessity. A far more equitable law *540 would be one that would recognize sexual assault after a certain length of separation, say one month. This modification would be more just since it would have equal application to persons of all social, religious and economic backgrounds.
NOTES
[1] The defendant's alleged criminal liability with respect to the criminal sexual conduct charge is not based upon the behavior of another. See fn 2 infra.
[2] The defendant was charged along with John Poggi. The case against the codefendant has been settled by a plea bargain and is not at issue in this appeal.
[3] The felonious assault charge has reference only to Ronald Schansema.