546 N.W.2d 681 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1996
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Tomas Lee KOWALAK, Defendant-Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*682 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Richard Thompson, Prosecuting Attorney, Joyce F. Todd, Chief, Appellate Division, and John S. Pallas, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the People.
Michael J. Modelski, Sylvan Lake, for defendant.
Before MARKMAN, P.J., and MURPHY and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
On Remand
MARKMAN, Presiding Judge.
Defendant was charged with murder in the first-degree, M.C.L. § 750.316; M.S.A. § 28.548, for the killing of his mother on February 24, 1993. Defendant's preliminary examination occurred on March 10, 1993, after which defendant was bound over. Defendant unsuccessfully moved to quash the information or to suppress the testimony of a friend of his mother concerning threats defendant had allegedly made to his mother earlier on the day of her death. Defendant filed an emergency application for leave to appeal in this Court, which was denied by a panel on July 17, 1995. By order, the Michigan Supreme Court on August 3, 1995, remanded this matter "for consideration as on leave granted." 449 Mich. 902 (1995). We now consider defendant's appeal and we affirm.
Defendant's mother, Jessie Kowalak, testified at a child custody/visitation hearing on the day of her death. The gravamen of her testimony was that she was concerned about the ability of her son to care for his children (and her grandchildren) given that he had a "severe problem with alcohol." She testified that she believed "that he should not be involved with those little boys." As a result of this hearing, defendant was denied visitation rights with his children. Nancy Moore, a witness in the instant case, testified that she spoke with Jessie Kowalak on the telephone shortly after the hearing concluded. She described Jessie Kowalak as "petrified" and "scared to death." Over the objection of defendant's counsel, Nancy Moore testified:
[Jessie Kowalak] called me up and she was petrified and she says `"I need to talk to you" and I says "What's up" and she says "Well on the way out after court, on the way out of the courthouse, Tommy told me that he was going to kill me for what I did to him."
Moore testified further that when she visited Jessie Kowalak at her home several minutes later, Jessie Kowalak told her, "It was the hardest thing that I have ever done is testify against my own son in court; now I am going to die for it."
The trial court ruled that Jessie Kowalak's statement was not inadmissible hearsay but was admissible under either Michigan Rule of Evidence 803(2) as an excited utterance or MRE 803(3) as evidence of a then existing mental, emotional, or physical condition.
We first analyze defendant's alleged statement to his mother that he was going to "kill her" for what she had done in the custody/visitation hearings. This statement was properly admitted by the trial court. Under MRE 801(d)(2), "A statement is not hearsay if ... the statement is offered against a party and is (A) the party's own statement." Therefore, defendant's statement to his mother allegedly communicating a threat is not hearsay at all.
We next analyze whether Nancy Moore's testimony referencing Jessie Kowalak's statement about her son's alleged threat is admissible. Because Jessie Kowalak did not testify herself and because her statement *683 referenced by Nancy Moore was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., that defendant threatened his mother shortly before her death, Nancy Moore's statement clearly is hearsay. MRE 801(c).
However, under MRE 803(2), we believe that Jessie Kowalak's testimony falls within the "excited utterance" hearsay exception. This exception encompasses any "statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant is under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition."
In the present case, the custody/visitation hearing ended at approximately 2:45 p.m. Presumably, the statement made by defendant to his mother occurred immediately or shortly after the conclusion of the hearing. Mrs. Kowalak called Nancy Moore at approximately 3:30 p.m. and indicated at that time that she was "petrified" and "scared to death" by her son's statement.
The Supreme Court has set forth three criteria that must be met before a statement can be admitted into evidence as an excited utterance. First, the statement must arise out of a startling event; second, it must be made before there has been time for contrivance or misrepresentation by the declarant; and third, it must relate to the circumstances of the startling event. People v. Straight, 430 Mich. 418, 424, 424 N.W.2d 257 (1988), citing People v. Gee, 406 Mich. 279, 282, 278 N.W.2d 304 (1979). Admission of hearsay testimony under the excited utterance exception is within the discretion of the trial court. People v. Creith, 151 Mich.App. 217, 223, 390 N.W.2d 234 (1986).
It is hard to conceive of a more startling (or terrifying) event with which one might be confronted than a serious death threat. This is especially true when such a death threat has been made by one's own son.[1] Within thirty to forty-five minutes of such threat, Jessie Kowalak telephoned Nancy Moore seeking to have Moore come to Jessie Kowalak's home. Particularly when the victim's age (eighty-two) is taken into account, as well as the trauma that she must have felt at having testified against her son's interest at the custody/visitation hearing, we do not believe that an interval of thirty to forty-five minutes is sufficiently long to undermine the trustworthiness of Jessie Kowalak's statement to Nancy Moore. The Supreme Court's excited utterance test "does not contemplate a sequence in which the utterance necessarily follows immediately on the startling event." Straight, supra at 424, 424 N.W.2d 257. "Properly understood, Gee's requirement that the statement must `be made before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent' is simply a reformulation of the inquiry as to whether the statement was made when the [declarant] was still under the influence of an overwhelming emotional condition." Id. at 425, 424 N.W.2d 257.
We agree with the trial court that Jessie Kowalak's "statement did relate back to a startling event"namely, the death threat by her sonand we disagree with defendant that "too much time passed" between the startling event and the time at which Jessie Kowalak spoke to Nancy Moore. While a thirty to forty-five minute interval may be too long to invoke the excited utterance exception under different circumstances, the trial court "may consider all the circumstances bearing on spontaneity and lack of deliberation" in determining whether a declaration comes within the excited utterance exception. Browning v. Spiech, 63 Mich.App. 271, 277, 234 N.W.2d 479 (1975); Straight, supra at 425, 424 N.W.2d 257. "There can be no definite and fixed limit of time in determining whether a declaration comes within the excited utterance exception." Browning, supra at 276, 234 N.W.2d 479, quoting 6 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed), p 143. Lapses of time considerably exceeding the thirty to forty-five minute period in this case have been previously held not to preclude invocation of the excited utterance exception. See, e.g., People v. Draper, 150 Mich.App. 481, 486, 389 N.W.2d 89 (1986) (one week); People v. Soles, 143 Mich.App. 433, 438, 372 N.W.2d 588 (1985) (five days).
*684 Defendant further argues that the Supreme Court in People v. Burton, 433 Mich. 268, 294-295, 445 N.W.2d 133 (1989), held that, in order to admit an excited utterance, some "independent proof, direct or circumstantial, that the [startling] event ever took place" must be in evidence. Absent such independent proof, the witnesses' statements in court are not admissible. Burton, supra at 294, 445 N.W.2d 133. Although we conclude that there is no direct evidence that such an event ever occurred, we believe that strong circumstantial evidence exists sufficient to establish a foundation for the excited utterance. The circumstantial evidence consists of the following: first, the record of the custody/visitation hearing at which Jessie Kowalak testified against her son under difficult and emotional circumstances and at which her son, highly disturbed about her testimony, accused her of falsely testifying against him; second, the testimony of Nancy Moore concerning Jessie Kowalak's emotional state during the telephone conversation with Nancy Moore; third, the fact of Nancy Moore's presence at Jessie Kowalak's home shortly after the conclusion of the hearing at the latter's request, a fact consistent with Jessie Kowalak's need to have another person with her for security's sake; and fourth, the testimony by Nancy Moore concerning Jessie Kowalak's emotional state during Moore's visit at her home. We find this independent evidence cumulatively sufficient to establish a foundation for the admission of the excited utterance in the instant case.
Because we believe Nancy Moore's statements to be admissible under MRE 803(2), we need not decide whether they were also admissible under MRE 803(3).
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] The seriousness of the death threat may be inferred from the stakes involved in the custody/visitation hearing, the extraordinary circumstances of a mother testifying against the interests of her son and the son's expressly stated feeling that his mother was lying in the process.