People v. Josselyn

39 Cal. 393 | Cal. | 1870

Crockett, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court:

The defendant was indicted for and convicted of the crime of attempting to produce an abortion on the body of one Elizabeth Locke. The proof shows that he was at the time of the alleged offense a practicing physician; and in the same indictment two other persons, to" wit: Cordelia Rooms and ■Charles Clarke, are accused of having advised and encouraged the defendant to commit the offense. .The defendant ■was separately tried, and on the trial the witness, Elizabeth Locke, was permitted to testify, against the objection .of the defendant, to the facts and circumstances of her illicit connection with Clarke, which resulted in her pregnancy; and the witness, Tuthill, was permitted to testify to certain conversations with Booms and Clarke, prior to the commission of the alleged offense by the defendant, to which rulings the defendant excepted, and which are relied upon as error on this appeal.

There was no error in permitting the witness, Elizabeth Locke, to testify concerning her criminal intimacy with Clarke. The fact that she was pregnant, was a material fact alleged in the indictment, and necessary to be proved on the trial. In establishing this fact, it was competent for the prosecution to prove all the circumstances tending to show her pregnancy; and her testimony, to the effect that she had been cohabiting with Clarke, certainly tended to prove that her pregnancy, if not a necessary, was certainly a natural result. The testimony was clearly competent.

The testimony of Tuthill, in respect to the conversation between himself and Clarke, does not appear -to have been objected to by the defendant; and even though it had been improperly admitted, it could not have prejudiced him, inasmuch as it related to immaterial matters. The conversation between the witness and Mrs. Booms, was to the effect that the latter suspected the girl, Elizabeth Locke, to be in the family way, and that she was about to take her to a physician to be examined. If this testimony was not admissible as a part of the res gestee, we, nevertheless, do not perceive how it could possibly have prejudiced the defendant. It is not denied, on the part of the defense, that the girl was taken by Mrs. Booms ‘to the office of the defendant to be examined by him, with a view to ascertain whether or not she was pregnant. The defendant, at the time of his arrest, stated to the policemen, McCormick and Stone, that the girl had been brought to him by Mrs. Booms, that he might examine her for that purpose; and he admitted he had made the examination, but denied that he had used any instrument for that purpose, or had sought to produce an abortion. These facts being duly established by other testimony, and not denied, as we understand it, no damage could possibly have resulted to the defendant from the declaration of Mrs. Booms that she was about to have such an examination made.

The only other ground .of error ’ relied upon is, that the verdict was contrary to law and the evidence, and' ought to have been set aside and a new trial granted. It is not claimed by the defense that the testimony of the witness, Elizabeth Locke, if true, does not fully sustain the indictment and prove the charge as alleged. But Section 45 of the Act concerning crimes and punishments," after defining the offense of. which the defendant is accused, provides that a physician or surgeon shall. not be arrested, indicted, put on trial or convicted of the offense ‘‘by the testimony of such woman aloneand it is claimed, with much earnestness, that the testimony of the witness, Elizabeth Locke, is not corroborated in several essential particulars, and that no conviction can be had, unless she was corroborated as to every material fact. In several particulars she was fully corroborated; as, for example, in respect to her pregnancy and miscarriage, and also in respect to the fact that she was at the office of .the defendant, in company with Mrs. Booms, and was examined by him with a view to ascertain if she was pregnant. The only material fact in which she was not corroborated is in respect to the use of an instrument by the defendant in making the examination, and the pain which resulted from it. But this is the vital point in the case. The charge in the indictment is, that he used an instrument with the intent to produce abortion." This is the very gist of the offense; and if every other fact testified to by her was true, the defendant was entitled to be acquitted, unless this also was true. If this fact be omitted the defendant was guilty of no crime. It was a legitimate exercise of his profession to examine her, when properly requested, to ascertain if she was pregnant; but on" ascertaining this fact, if he proceeded to use an instrument, with the intent to produce an abortion, he was guilty as charged in the indictment. ■

On this vital point in the case there is no corroboration whatever of the witness, Locke. It is proved that she was pregnant and had a miscarriage ; but, aside from her.testimony, there is no proof whatever that any attempt was made by any one to produce abortion, or that the miscarriage Avas the result of any such effort. It is not enough that the witness was corroborated in some particulars Avhich involve no criminality in the defendant. She must also have been corroborated by circumstances, or otherwise, in at least some portion of her testimony which imputes to the defendant the commission of the crime alleged, to wit: the use of an instrument with intent to produce abortion. In this particular there was not the slightest corroboration of her testimony. In view of the confidential relations which exist between physicians and surgeons and their patients, and the secrecy which necessarily exists in the treatment of certain diseases to which females are subject, and foreseeing that physicians and surgeons might be exposed to great peril if criminal practices imputed to them could be sustained on the uncorroborated statement of the patient alone, the Legislature has wisely provided that they shall not be “arrested, indicted, put on trial, or convicted ” of an attempt to produce abortion “by the testimony of such woman alone.”

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.

The folloAving supplemental opinion of the Court was also rendered by Crockett, J.:

In the opinion recently delivered in this case, after stating that it was claimed with much “earnestness” by the defense, that the testimony of the witness, Elizabeth Locke, was not corroborated in several essential particulars, and also that no conviction could be had, unless she was corroborated as to every material fact, we proceeded to say that the witness was sufficiently corroborated as to every material fact, except in respect to the use of an instrument by the defendant in making the examination, and the pain which resulted from it. But we held this to be the vital point in the case, and that the testimony of the witness was not corroborated in this particular. In commenting on this point, we said : “ She must also have been corroborated by circumstances or otherwise, in at least some portion of her testimony which imputes to the defendant the commission of • the crime alleged,” to wit: the use of an instrument with intent to produce abortion. Fearing that this expression may be misinterpreted, we have deemed it best to explain more fully our views on this point. We do not intend to be understood as announcing that it is essential the witness should have been corroborated in respect to the particular method to which she testifies as having been employed to produce an abortion, but it will be sufficient if she is corroborated by other testimony tending to show an attempt by the defendant to produce the abortion in any method. The crime consists in the attempt to produce, abortion; and though the indictment in this case charges, and the witness testifies, that the defendant employed an instrument for that purpose, nevertheless, if it had been shown, for example, by other evidence, that the defendant had confessed to an attempt to produce the abortion, not by the use of an instrument, but by administering a particular drug, this testimony would not only have been clearly competent, as tending to establish the criminal intent, but it would also have been a sufficient corroboration of the witness to bring the case within the requirements of the statute; for, although she would not have been corroborated in respect to the use of the instrument, she would have been corroborated as to the criminal intent, which is of the essence of the crime. The statute does not require that she should be corroborated in respect to every material fact, but only in respect to some of the material facts which constitute a necessary element in the .crime alleged. An essential element in the crime is a criminal intent on the part of the defendant; and any testimony, in addition to that of the witness, Locke, tending to show such intent, would be á sufficient corroboration of her testimony to bring the case within the statute, even though she might not be corroborated in respect to the particular method employed to produce the abortiou. We might illustrate this proposition by numerous examples, but one will suffice. If the charge was that the attempt was made to produce abortion by the use of a particular drug, and if the charge was fully sustained by the testimony of the woman on whom the attempt was made, proof that the defendant, about that date, purchased another drug, usually employed for that purpose, with the avowed intention of using it to procure an abortion on the witness, would fully corroborate her as to the criminal intent, and would be a sufficient corroboration to support a conviction, notwithstanding the variance in the testimony as to the particular drug which was employed. If, therefore, on another trial of this case there shall be corroborating evidence tending to show that the defendant attempted to procure an abortion, by any method, on the person of the witness, Locke, and if the jury, on the whole evidence, including that of Locke, shall believe the defendant to be guilty of the offense charged in the indictment, it will be their duty to convict him. With this modification of the opinion already delivered in the case, the judgment heretofore announced will stand as the judgment of the Court; and it is ordered that the remittitur issue forthwith.

Wallace, J., expressed no opinion.