54 N.W.2d 206 | Mich. | 1952
PEOPLE
v.
JOHNSON.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
George Squire, for defendant.
Frank G. Millard, Attorney General, Edmund E. Shepherd, Solicitor General, Gerald K. O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, Ralph Garber, Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, and Garfield A. Nichols and Thomas J. Foley, Jr., Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for the people.
BUSHNELL, J.
Defendant Walter Johnson was granted leave to appeal from a life sentence imposed after his conviction by a jury of murder in the second degree and from the denial of his delayed motion for a new trial.
On October 13, 1937, while working at the Briggs Manufacturing Company, Johnson injured his finger. Shortly thereafter, at about midnight, there was a change of shift. Johnson, a negro, who was *172 the last man to check out, was confronted by a mumbling hostile group of white men standing around the door. The testimony is not too clear as to what happened, except that Johnson and John Ozinkowski, whom he had charged with responsibility for his injury, exchanged words and blows. Another employee, Reed Rogers, intervened and either kicked or struck Johnson, or tried to do so. During the affray, Johnson struck Rogers twice with a knife, and walked away. Neither man had known the other prior to the assault.
Rogers did not realize that he had been seriously wounded. However, he was given first aid, and then taken to the receiving hospital. It was determined that he had a lacerated car and a wound in his abdomen which required an operation.
The next day Rogers was questioned by an assistant prosecuting attorney in the presence of a stenographer. In response to a question he said:
"So he made one lick at the white fellow, and I caught his arm, and he didn't touch him, and he turned around and said, `You want some, you son-of-a-bitch,' and that's when he stabbed me in the belly, and I didn't realize I was stabbed for a second until I went to raise up my clothes and there was a clot of blood falling out of them."
He was then asked if he realized that he was a pretty sick man, whether he made "this statement" in fear of impending death, and whether he would make the same statement if he thought he was going to get well. To all these questions, Rogers answered "Yes." Johnson was then brought in by a police officer and Rogers identified him as the man who cut him.
Rogers died 3 days later. A Wayne county medical examiner who performed the autopsy stated: "The cause of death was a right upper lobar pneumonia following a stab wound of the abdomen."
*173 Johnson, on appeal, attacks the admission of the so-called "dying declaration," and the court's instructions to the jury. He argues denial of due process, the confusion of the trial judge regarding the verdict and the sentence and failure of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
It is fundamental that a "dying declaration" is inadmissible in evidence, unless made under a solemn belief of impending death. People v. Simpson, 48 Mich. 474, 477, and People v. Bradfield, 300 Mich. 303, 307. That the declarer lived for several days after making the statement is not controlling. People v. Denton, 312 Mich. 32, 35. Neither is it necessary that such statement be taken immediately after the injury nor that notice of an intention to take the statement be given the accused. People v. Beverly, 108 Mich. 509, 511. Before admitting the hearsay statement as a dying declaration, the court must make a preliminary investigation in order to determine whether the person making the statement was in fact in extremis at the time and believed that his death was impending. People v. Fritch, 210 Mich. 343, 347. These essential facts may be proved like any other facts in the case and in the light of the existing and surrounding circumstances. People v. Simpson, supra, 477.
The opinions of this Court vary as to the quantum of proof necessary to establish these preliminary facts. Some seem to indicate that any evidence in this respect is enough. Hurd v. People, 25 Mich. 405, 417; People v. Knapp, 26 Mich. 112, 117; and People v. Lonsdale, 122 Mich. 388. Others say that the court must be "satisfied." People v. Simpson, supra, 478; People v. Weaver, 108 Mich. 649; and People v. Fritch, 210 Mich. 343. Others seem to indicate a degree of satisfaction. For example: "To say he did not sense impending death would accord him less than ordinary intelligence." People v. Arnett, 239 *174 Mich 123, 132, and People v. Gorman, 252 Mich. 603, 605. Other courts have accepted 3 widely divergent views. See annotated cases in 96 ALR at page 621.
A well stated rule by the New York court of appeals reads as follows:
"`Dying declarations are dangerous, because made with no fear of prosecution for perjury and without the test of cross-examination, which is the best method known to bring out the full and exact truth.' * * * It is for those salutary reasons that extreme caution is required of the trial court before a dying declaration is received in evidence the fundamental requirement being that `preliminary to the admission of such evidence * * * there must be clear proof of the certainty of speedy death, and that the declarant had no hope of recovery.'" People v. Barlelini, 285 NY 433 (35 NE2d 29, 167 A.L.R. 139).
The guilt of one charged with a crime must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Franczyk, 315 Mich. 384. Because of the dangerous nature of dying declarations, the public policy of according an accused every possible safeguard consistent with justice and the constitutional guaranties of a fair trial, those preliminary matters necessary to be determined before the admission of a dying declaration should be clearly established.
The only evidence here, tending to show that Rogers believed he was confronted by impending death, is the testimony regarding the serious nature of his wounds and his affirmative answers to 3 leading questions put to him by the assistant prosecutor. There is no other evidence in this record regarding Rogers' condition at the time his statement was taken. His wound had been operated upon and the cause of death, 3 days later, is stated to be "pneumonia following a stab wound of the abdomen." The record is silent as to when the pneumonia developed or when Rogers became in fact in extremis. He did *175 not volunteer any fear of impending death and his answers were apparently prompted by the prosecutor's questions. It may be that Rogers expected to recover at the time he made the statement.
A critical examination of this phase of the evidence does not clearly show, as a matter of law, that Rogers spoke in extremis and under a sense of impending death. The situation presented here is comparable to that in People v. Christmas, 181 Mich. 634, 646, where the Court said:
"It is apparent from the proceedings quoted above that the only evidence the court had of the fact that the declaration was made by Cadarean under circumstances entitling it to admission was such as was afforded by the declaration itself. A careful analysis of this paper in our opinion falls far short of establishing the fact that at the time of Cadarean's examination he believed himself to be dying."
We are constrained to hold that it was prejudicial error to admit in evidence the so-called dying declaration in this case. While there is no doubt that Johnson actually wounded Rogers with a knife, the witnesses were extremely hazy as to what actually happened in the affray. The admission of the statement of Rogers might have easily influenced the jury to find that Johnson was guilty of murder rather than the lesser crime of manslaughter, or that he acted in self-defense. In the light of our conclusion, it is unnecessary to discuss the other claims of error.
The conviction is set aside, the sentence is vacated, and a new trial is granted to the defendant, who is remanded to the custody of the sheriff of Wayne county for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
DETHMERS, BUTZEL, CARR, SHARPE, BOYLES, and REID, JJ., concurred.
NORTH, C.J., did not participate in this decision.