321 N.W.2d 752 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1982
PEOPLE
v.
JOHNSON
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Edward J. Grant, Prosecuting Attorney, and John L. Wildeboer, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Myron E. Sanderson, for defendant.
Before: BEASLEY, P.J., and T.M. BURNS and E.A. QUINNELL,[*] JJ.
PER CURIAM.
The defendant appeals his jury conviction of assaulting an employee of a place of confinement, MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3).
On November 7, 1979, defendant was being moved from a housing unit to the infirmary at the State Prison of Southern Michigan by Officer Coutu. Defendant wished to take his legal papers with him to the infirmary, and Coutu denied him permission to do so. After some discussion, Officer Coutu checked with his supervisor, who decided that defendant should be allowed to take the papers. At this point the testimony diverges. Officer Coutu and other Department of Corrections employees claim that defendant then spat in Coutu's face, Coutu pushed defendant away, and defendant then struck Coutu over the right eye with his fist. Defendant and a resident witness claimed that after the telephone discussion with a supervisor *633 Officer Coutu initiated the physical confrontation with defendant and that defendant only acted defensively. The jury obviously accepted Officer Coutu's version of the incident. Defendant raises numerous issues on appeal.
I. The defendant's challenges to the validity and applicability of the statute under which he was charged must be rejected. People v Wingo, 95 Mich App 101; 290 NW2d 93 (1980); People v Bellafant, 105 Mich App 788; 307 NW2d 422 (1981); People v Boyd, 102 Mich App 112; 300 NW2d 760 (1980), lv den 412 Mich 927 (1982). Justice LEVIN, dissenting from the order denying leave to appeal in Boyd, raises some interesting questions regarding the interpretation of the statute. Pending further Supreme Court or legislative clarification, we conclude that the legislative use of the word "violence" in the statute was intended to include only the concept of violence implicit in any assault and, therefore, that any assault committed by a prison resident on an employee of the prison, whether or not committed during an escape, falls within the purview of the statute.
II. Defendant claims that he was not tried within 180 days as is required by MCL 780.131 et seq.; MSA 28.969(1) et seq.
Initially, we note that the statute does apply, even though any sentence imposed as to the charge must be served consecutively to the sentence which the defendant was serving at the time of the commission of this offense. We can place no other reasonable interpretation on the Supreme Court order in People v Pitsaroff, 411 Mich 941 (1981).[1]
*634 The 180-day period commenced no later than November 13, 1979, that being the date on which the prosecuting attorney's office authorized the issuance of a warrant. People v Hill, 402 Mich 272; 262 NW2d 641 (1978). The period therefore expired on May 12, 1980. Trial did not commence until July 16, 1980.
However, it is well established that the actual trial need not commence within the 180-day period; rather, the prosecution must establish that it took good faith action within that time to ready the case for trial. People v Hill, supra. Under these circumstances, a remand for an evidentiary hearing is sometimes required. Pitsaroff, supra. An evidentiary hearing is not required in this case because the reasons for delay are in the present record. Following the defendant's preliminary examination he ordered a transcript of those proceedings, which resulted in a delay in his circuit court arraignment until January 8, 1980. On January 15, 1980, he filed a petition for a diagnostic commitment to determine competency to stand trial. A competency examination was ordered and a trial date set for April 23, 1980. Defendant and the examiner experienced problems during the initial competency examination; the examiner characterized the defendant as uncooperative, such that the originally scheduled competency hearing could not be held. A new competency hearing was thereafter scheduled, and the trial date adjourned to July 9, 1980. The subsequent one-week delay was occasioned by stipulation of the parties, apparently because of defense counsel's vacation plans. *635 It is clear from this record that the prosecution did make a good faith effort to bring the matter to trial within 180 days as required by statute.
We would not be understood as requiring a defendant to waive one right (e.g., a trial within 180 days) in order to secure another (e.g., the right to a preliminary examination transcript). Rather, we merely recognize that in some instances pretrial activities of a defendant, whether justified or not, will result in a trial's not being commenced with 180 days despite the good faith efforts of the prosecution to have the case ready for trial.
III. Defendant also claims that he was denied his constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial. Const 1963, art 1, § 20; MCL 768.1; MSA 28.1024. A delay of eight months is sufficient to trigger the constitutional inquiry. People v Chism, 390 Mich 104; 211 NW2d 193 (1973).
Resolution of the speedy trial issue involves a balancing of four factors: length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant. See, e.g., People v Grimmett, 388 Mich 590; 202 NW2d 278 (1972).
The length of delay and the reason for the delay have been previously discussed. The defendant did not assert his speedy trial rights in the trial court.
Because the trial took place within 18 months of the offense, prejudice to the defendant is not presumed; Grimmett, supra, citing People v Den Uyl, 320 Mich 477; 31 NW2d 699 (1948). The only prejudice which defendant claims now is that because of his incarceration he had a limited opportunity to make a determination of whether or not there were available witnesses. That argument carries little weight inasmuch as defendant would have been incarcerated in any event. We find no *636 prejudice to the defendant from the delay. Prejudice has been identified by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972), as affecting three specific interests of a defendant, namely the interests in avoiding oppressive pretrial incarceration, minimizing anxiety and concern, and limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired. None of those interests of this defendant were significantly affected by the delay in this case.
On balance, we conclude that the defendant was not denied his right to a speedy trial.
IV. Defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecution to impeach the defendant by the use of evidence of defendant's prior criminal convictions. We disagree. The trial judge recognized his discretion and articulated his reasons for permitting impeachment as he did. While not all trial courts would have permitted that impeachment, such a result is implicit in the concept of discretion. The trial court fully complied with MRE 609(a)(2).
V. Defendant also complains that the court erred in allowing the prosecutor in his closing argument to refer to the defendant as being paranoid. A review of the context indicates that the prosecutor was not using the term in its technical sense, but in the street sense. The prosecutor related his argument to specific portions of defendant's testimony, and his remarks constituted fair comment on the evidence.
VI. We have carefully examined the remaining allegations of error and find only two that merit further discussion.
A. Defendant was convicted both of the assault and of being a habitual offender; he was sentenced to a minimum term of six years and a maximum *637 term of eight years. The sentence did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment and was not disproportionate to the crime that was committed; nor did the trial court fail to consider appropriate sentencing considerations.
After defendant's sentence was imposed, this Court held, in People v Langham, 101 Mich App 391; 300 NW2d 572 (1980), that a person charged as a habitual criminal must be given an indeterminate sentence. An issue remaining unaddressed is whether such an indeterminate sentence is subject to the two-thirds rule of People v Tanner, 387 Mich 683; 199 NW2d 202 (1972). Since that question has not been raised or briefed by the parties in this appeal, we decline to address it.
B. The incident took place near a desk normally occupied by Worrell, a resident of the prison who served as a clerk for the base unit. Worrell was not produced as a witness at trial; defendant claims that his absence constitutes error.
The testimony of the witnesses was divided as to whether Worrell was or was not present. At the close of the prosecution proofs, defendant moved for an instruction to the effect that Worrell's testimony would have been adverse to the prosecution but did not move for a mistrial or for production of Worrell. The trial court denied the requested instruction.
Resolution of this issue is governed by People v Pearson, 404 Mich 698; 273 NW2d 856 (1979). If the question of a missing res gestae witness arises during the course of the trial, Pearson, supra, 721, requires that the trial court hold a hearing and decide first whether the witness is a res gestae witness; if so, the court should order the prosecution to produce the witness. If the witness is not produced the court should then hold a hearing as *638 to whether the prosecution exercised due diligence in producing the witness. Only if the trial court determines that the witness is a res gestae witness, that the witness was not produced, and that the prosecution failed to exercise due diligence is the defense entitled to the "adverse to the prosecution" instruction.
In the instant case, the trial court did not hold a separate hearing but instead relied on its notes of the testimony of the prosecution witnesses in holding that Worrell was not a res gestae witness. Having the benefit of the whole transcript, and having in mind the firm and abiding commitment of the State of Michigan to the requirement that the prosecution produce all res gestae witnesses,[2] we are not convinced that the trial court was entirely correct.
However, Pearson, supra, 722 also requires the following:
"Assuming a verdict of guilty, the defendant must raise the issue of prejudice and seek a remedy in a Robinson-type [People v Robinson, 390 Mich 629; 213 NW2d 106 (1973)] procedure or be foreclosed from rasing these issues on appeal. If the defendant is dissatisfied with the results of the Robinson hearing, remedy may be sought in the defendant's appeal as of right."
Defendant having failed to make such a post-conviction motion, the issue is not appropriately before us for appellate review.
Affirmed.
T.M. BURNS, J. (dissenting in part, concurring in part).
Respectfully, I dissent from the majority's *639 refusal to address sua sponte the question of whether defendant's sentence should be amended to comply with the indeterminate sentencing standards of People v Tanner, 387 Mich 683; 199 NW2d 202 (1972).
In People v Langham, 101 Mich App 391; 300 NW2d 572 (1980), this Court held that the sentence of a person convicted of being an habitual offender should be indeterminate. Finding that the defendant in the case before it had not been sentenced in compliance with the two-thirds requirement of Tanner, this Court, in lieu of remanding for resentencing, corrected the defendant's sentence to bring it into compliance with Tanner.
I would apply that remedy in this case. Although defendant did not raise this issue and neither party has briefed it, all facts necessary for its resolution are before this Court and the law on this issue is clear. For this reason, I would correct defendant's sentence to five years, four months minimum to eight years maximum. People v Langham, supra, 398. I am in agreement with the majority's resolution of the remainder of the issues before this Court in this appeal.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] In People v Pitsaroff, 102 Mich App 226; 301 NW2d 858 (1980), a panel of this Court reversed a conviction on the ground that the 180-day rule had been violated. Although the Supreme Court summarily reversed, 411 Mich 941; 308 NW2d 98 (1981), it remanded the case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing and directed this Court to determine, on the basis of the testimony presented at the hearing, whether the 180-day rule had been violated. Such a disposition would have been unnecessary if, as a panel of this Court held in People v Loney, 12 Mich App 288; 162 NW2d 832 (1968), the rule is inapplicable to offenses committed after imprisonment.
[2] Hurd v People, 25 Mich 405 (1872). B.J. George suggests that the requirement is an anachronism and should be modified; I Michigan Criminal Procedure 8.10-3.
