People v. JacobsPeople v. Jacobs
THOMPSON, Acting P.J.
The sole issue on this appeal concerns a constitutional challenge to Penal Code section 667.1 That statute provides for
Defendant William Jacobs pleaded guilty to three counts of attempted robbery (
(1a) Defendant Is Not Similarly Situated With Others Not Subject to Section 667
Defendant, urging the application of a strict scrutiny standard, contends he was denied equal protection of the law because the five-year enhancement provision does not apply to other defendants who (1) are not recidivists, or
(2) Preliminarily, we agree with defendant that the appropriate standard of review is strict scrutiny. The People‘s reliance on Hernandez is misplaced. First, in People v. Olivas (1976) 17 Cal.3d 236 [131 Cal. Rptr. 55, 551 P.2d 375], in overturning a sentencing scheme on equal protection grounds, our Supreme Court held that “personal liberty is a fundamental interest, second only to life itself, as an interest protected under both the California and United States Constitutions.” (Id., at p. 251.) Since sentencing is related to that fundamental interest, the state must establish that a compelling interest justifies the law and that the distinctions drawn are necessary to further that purpose. (Ibid.; People v. Terflinger (1978) 77 Cal. App.3d 302, 303-304 [143 Cal. Rptr. 501].) Secondly, the Fifth District, in People v. Williams (1983) 140 Cal. App.3d 445 [189 Cal. Rptr. 497], recently specifically disapproved its rational basis language in Hernandez. The Williams court pointed out instead that “the enhancement of a crime for purposes of punishment involves the deprivation of a fundamental liberty interest to the end the state must show a compelling interest for any disparity in treatment of prisoners similarly situated.” (Id., at p. 450; italics in original.) Here, defendant concedes the state has a compelling interest in the protection of public safety but claims the state has not shown the classification furthers that interest.
(1b) Yet before the need arises to consider whether the statute satisfies a strict scrutiny standard of equal protection review, we must first determine whether defendant is “similarly situated” to all other felons whose offenses are not specified in section 667. If he is not, his equal protection challenge to the statute must fail.
(3) “The first prerequisite to a meritorious claim under the equal protection clause is a showing that the state has adopted a classification that affects two or more similarly situated groups in an unequal manner.” (In re Eric J. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 522, 530 [159 Cal. Rptr. 317, 601 P.2d 549].) As Justice Frankfurter explained in Tigner v. Texas (1940) 310 U.S. 141, 147 [84 L.Ed. 1124, 1128, 60 S.Ct. 879, 130 A.L.R. 1321]: “The Constitution does not require things which are different in fact or opinion to be treated in law as though they were the same.” (See also In re Eric J., supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 530, fn. 1.)
(4) “The equal protection clause does not assure defendant of the same treatment as all other felons; it assures him only ... that he will receive like treatment with all other persons similarly situated.” (People v. Enriquez (1977) 19 Cal.3d 221, 229 [137 Cal. Rptr. 171, 561 P.2d 261, 3 A.L.R.4th 73].) Neither the
(1c) We must therefore determine whether the defendant has met this threshold requirement. We first turn to the issue of recidivism. Recidivism is a common factor considered in determining the length of a prison sentence. (See, e.g., current
(5) “[T]he constitutionality of the practice of inflicting severer criminal penalties upon habitual offenders is no longer open to serious challenge.... [Fn. omitted.]” (Oyler v. Boles (1962) 368 U.S. 448, 451 [7 L.Ed.2d 446, 450, 82 S.Ct. 501]; see also People v. Tijerina (1969) 1 Cal.3d 41, 47 [81 Cal. Rptr. 264, 459 P.2d 680]; People v. Vienne (1973) 30 Cal. App.3d 266, 273 [105 Cal. Rptr. 584].) “[E]xperience has shown that the persistent and hardened offender is more dangerous to society than a person who has committed but one offense, and that a severer punishment is demanded in such case, the better to protect society.” (People v. Coleman (1904) 145 Cal. 609, 611 [79 P. 283].)
The United States and California Supreme Courts have sustained habitual offender statutes against equal protection challenges. (See, e.g., Spencer v. Texas (1967) 385 U.S. 554, 559-560 [17 L.Ed.2d 606, 611-612, 87 S.Ct. 648], and cases cited therein; People v. Dutton (1937) 9 Cal.2d 505, 507 [71 P.2d 218]; In re Rosencrantz (1928) 205 Cal. 534, 540 [271 P. 902].) The courts have reasoned that an habitual offender statute “does not deprive any one of the equal protection of the laws” because “[i]t affects alike all persons similarly situated.” (McDonald v. Massachusetts (1901) 180 U.S. 311, 313 [45 L.Ed. 542, 547, 21 S.Ct. 389]; In re Rosencrantz, supra, 205 Cal. at p. 540.)
Almost 90 years ago, in Moore v. State of Missouri (1895) 159 U.S. 673, 677-678 [40 L.Ed. 301, 303, 16 S.Ct. 179], the United States Supreme Court explained that such a defendant was not “denied the equal protection
(1d) Accordingly, a recidivist offender is not similarly situated to a first offender with respect to the legitimate purpose of section 667 to protect the public safety (
Neither is defendant similarly situated to persons convicted of other crimes. Defendant also complains that he is denied equal protection because sentences are enhanced for the previous commission of some, but not all, felonies.3 But defendant has still chosen a class too broad for equal protection purposes. Defendant is not just a person with a prior conviction who was convicted of any felony; rather, he is a person convicted of a specified “serious felony” with a prior conviction of the same type.
(6) “Persons convicted of different crimes are not similarly situated for equal protection purposes.” (People v. Macias, supra, 137 Cal. App.3d 465, 473; People v. Corning (1983) 146 Cal. App.3d 83, 91 [194 Cal. Rptr. 27]; People v. Preciado (1981) 116 Cal. App.3d 409, 413 [172 Cal. Rptr. 107]; People v. Gayther (1980) 110 Cal. App.3d 79, 91 [167 Cal. Rptr. 700]; People v. Hughes (1980) 112 Cal. App.3d 452, 459-460 [169 Cal. Rptr. 364].) “[I]t is one thing to hold, as did [People v. Olivas (1976) 17 Cal.3d 236 (131 Cal. Rptr. 55, 551 P.2d 375)] that persons convicted of the same crime cannot be treated differently. It is quite another to hold that persons convicted of different crimes must be treated equally.” (Smith v. Municipal Court (1978) 78 Cal. App.3d 592, 601 [144 Cal. Rptr. 504].) For example,
(7), (8) (See fn. 4.) The appropriate measure for punishment is individual culpability. (In re Grant (1976) 18 Cal.3d 1, 10 [132 Cal. Rptr. 430, 553 P.2d 590].) It is the prerogative of the Legislature, and the electorate by initiative,4 to recognize degrees of culpability and penalize accordingly. (In re Sims (1981) 117 Cal. App.3d 309, 314 [172 Cal. Rptr. 608]; People v. Hughes, supra, 112 Cal. App.3d at p. 460.)
(1e) The offenses which bring section 667 into play are all serious, mostly violent, offenses which are obviously dangerous to society. (People v. Villasenor, supra, 152 Cal. App.3d at pp. 33-34.) This is not a situation where “the law lays an unequal hand on those who have committed intrinsically the same quality of offense....” (Cf. Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) 316 U.S. 535, 541 [86 L.Ed. 1655, 1660, 62 S.Ct. 1110].) As with violent sex offenses which are subject to a special enhancement under section 667.6, these specified serious felonies, which are subject to an enhancement under section 667, “differ from other types of offenses in many ways, including the reasons and motives of the criminal, the outrage and harm to the victim, and the potential for danger to the victim and society in general.” (People v. Karsai, supra, 131 Cal. App.3d at p. 244.) Such differences warrant different treatment.
Furthermore, “[t]here is no requirement that the Legislature [or electorate] penalize all culpable conduct or precisely structure penal sanctions so that all degrees of culpability are omnisciently placed in their proper place in some continuum of penalties.” (In re Sims, supra, 117 Cal. App.3d at p. 314, fn. 1.)
Section 667 does not establish a classification which treats a similarly situated group in disparate ways. Defendant pleaded guilty to attempted robbery with use of a deadly weapon and had suffered a prior conviction for robbery. Defendant is in a special class of felons — recidivist serious offenders — and he is treated the same as all others in that class. All persons convicted, as he has been, of one of the specified serious felonies who have previously been convicted of a serious felony are subject to the same additional
Johnson, J., and Fieldhouse, J.,* concurred.
Notes
Section 667, which was added to the Penal Code by Proposition 8, provides in pertinent part: “(a) Any person convicted of a serious felony who previously has been convicted of a serious felony in this state or of any offense committed in another jurisdiction which includes all of the elements of any serious felony, shall receive, in addition to the sentence imposed by the court for the present offense, a five-year enhancement for each such prior conviction on charges brought and tried separately. The terms of the present offense and each enhancement shall run consecutively. [¶].... [¶] (d) As used in this section `serious felony’ means a serious felony listed in subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7.”
Section 1192.7, subdivision (c), states in pertinent part: “As used in this section `serious felony’ means any of the following: [¶] (1) Murder or voluntary manslaughter; (2) mayhem; (3) rape; (4) sodomy by force, violence, duress, menace, or threat of great bodily harm; (5) oral copulation by force, violence, duress, menace, or threat of great bodily harm; (6) lewd acts on a child under the age of 14 years; (7) any felony punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison for life; (8) any other felony in which the defendant inflicts great bodily injury on any person, other than an accomplice, or any felony in which the defendant uses a firearm; (9) attempted murder; (10) assault with intent to commit rape or robbery; (11) assault with a deadly weapon or instrument on a peace officer; (12) assault by a life prisoner on a noninmate; (13) assault with a deadly weapon by an inmate; (14) arson; (15) exploding a destructive device or any explosive with intent to injure; (16) exploding a destructive device or any explosive causing great bodily injury; (17) exploding a destructive device or any explosive with intent to murder; (18) burglary of a residence; (19) robbery; (20) kidnapping; (21) taking of a hostage by an inmate of a state prison; (22) attempt to commit a felony punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison for life; (23) any felony in which the defendant personally used a dangerous or deadly weapon; (24) selling, furnishing, administering or providing heroin, cocaine or phencyclidine (PCP) to a minor; (25) any attempt to commit a crime listed in this subdivision other than an assault.”