Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a bench trial, defendant Clinton Jackson was convicted of distributing harmful materials to a minor in violation of section 11 — 21 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/11 — 21 (West 2000)) and sentenced to six months in the Cook County Department of Corrections. On appeal, defendant challenges the constitutionality of section 11 — 21 and argues that the State failed to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. For the following reasons, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
The following evidence was adduced at trial. In August 2001, defendant was a staff member at Maryville Academy’s Scott Nolan Center (Center) in Des Plaines, Illinois. The Center is part of Illinois’s Juvenile Justice Program (JJP). Sixteen-year-old G.B. was one of the Center’s youth-residents whom defendant supervised. On the evening of August 4, 2001, as G.B., other youth-residents, and staff members were watching television in a dayroom at the Center, defendant inserted a videotape labeled “1998 Bulls/Jazz Game 3&4” in the videocassette recorder (VCR) and pressed the play button. Though he watched the tape for only a couple of seconds, G.B. saw a girl, a couch, and defendant on the tape.
Sometime thereafter, G.B. watched defendant’s tape a second time, though he was unsure of the exact date. During this second viewing, both he and defendant were in the dayroom. When G.B. asked defendant what was on the tape, defendant replied, “Check.” After pressing the play button on the VCR, G.B. observed defendant and an unknown woman engaged in various sexual acts. The genitalia of both defendant and the woman were clearly visible on the tape. According to G.B., the television audio was kept muted because defendant did not want anyone to know about the tape. G.B. testified that he enjoyed watching the tape.
After watching the tape, G.B. went to his room. On the way, he met staff member Hector Escalera in the hallway. G.B. told Escalera that he had just watched a good movie.
G.B. testified that two or three weeks later, he spoke to Mike Schoenwald, a supervisor at the Center. Brian King, a floor manager at the Center, was also present during this conversation. G.B. told Schoenwald and King that he had seen a sexually explicit videotape and identified defendant as a participant in the sexual activity depicted on that videotape. G.B. also spoke with James Spruyt, the individual who “runs the Center,” about having viewed the sexually explicit videotape. G.B. was later taken to the police station, where he told Detective Matt Kulak what he had seen on the tape.
Escalera testified that on August 4, 2001, he was watching a football game while monitoring activity in the hallway at the Center. After hearing “a lot” of excessive noise emanating from the dayroom, Escalera went to investigate, beheving that the youth-residents might be arguing or fighting. Instead, he found a group of youth-residents watching television. On several occasions that night, Escalera checked in on the group in the dayroom, but each time he approached the room, someone turned off the television. On the last occasion, Escalera saw G.B. and other youth-residents coming out of the room. When he asked what the commotion was about, a staff member identified as “Christopher” showed Escalera about 30 seconds of the videotape. Escalera did not remember seeing defendant in the day-room at any point that evening, nor did he discuss the videotape with defendant.
Instead, on August 6, 2001, Escalera reported the incident to Schoenwald. Later that day, as defendant showed the videotape to a group of adult staff members in the dayroom, Spruyt entered the room, confiscated the tape, and called the police and the child abuse hot line at the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). A DCFS investigator subsequently interviewed G.B.
Schoenwаld testified that when he confronted defendant about the tape, defendant denied showing it to the youth-residents. However, defendant apologized to Schoenwald for having brought the videotape into the Center.
Spruyt testified that he confiscated the tape once he learned of it. Spruyt stated that defendant was standing next to the videocassette recorder when he confiscated the tape. Defendant told Spruyt he had not shown the tape to any of the youth-residents.
Detective Kulak testified that after speaking to G.B., he called defendant and asked him to come to the police station. Defendant went to the station, but declined to give a statement in the absence of counsel. After Detective Kulak spoke to Spruyt and watched the videotape, he arrested defendant.
At trial, the State played portions of the three-hour videotape for the circuit court, including one scene in which defendant asked the woman to say “This is for my boys at the JJE” The record does not indicate which segments of the tape were shown to the court or whether the portions of the tape that the court observed were the same segments that G.B. had seen while in the dayroom.
Defendant failed to object to the fact that the State did not show the entire tape to the circuit court. Instead, the parties stipulated to the following:
“This particular incident goes on for a while. And then after this scene, there is a scene in a garage in reference to what [G.B.] had said as well, where a girl is put into handcuffs, [and] another girl is displayed. And there is intercourse with that woman as well.”
After the State rested and after the circuit court denied defendant’s motion for a directed finding, defendant testified on his own behalf. He testified that he had brought the tape, along with several others, to the Center believing it contained the basketball games labeled on the tapes. Defendant explained that after he began to play the tape, he realized, “in 2 or 3 seconds” that he had brought in the wrong tape. Realizing his mistake, defendant took the tape out of the machine, placed it in his bag, and put the bag in his office. Defendant testified that he never authorized anyone to show the taрe to the youth-residents.
Defendant testified that he did not know that any of the youth-residents had seen the videotape until learning it during the course of the trial. He admitted to showing the tape to his adult coworkers, but testified that no one under 18 years old was present. Defendant also testified that he told the woman to say “This is for my boys at the JJP” because she had teased him earlier about accepting a job at the Center. At the time he made the videotape, defendant claimed he had not yet begun to work at the Center. Defendant also testified that he did not believe that the material on the videotape was any more harmful than the regular nightly programming on cable television.
The circuit court found that G.B.’s testimony was credible and that dеfendant’s was not. In discussing the videotape, which the court stated it had viewed for “some period of time,” the court noted that the tape contained “sex in all ways, all types of sex, oral, regular, hidden from the back, legs up, giving each other head, the whole nine yards.” The court further stated:
“[I] really saw nothing socially redeeming about [the tape] in the context of the way it would be viewed in this community. *** [W]e did not see anything that redeemed it, anything other than the prurient interest of the watcher and possibly the maker as well.”
The circuit court then found defendant guilty of exhibiting harmful material to a minor and sentenced him to six months in the Cook County Department of Corrections.
In his posttrial motions for a new trial and for a reduction in the sentence, defendant did not object to the State’s piecemeal presentation of the videotape to the trial court or argue that the tape did not qualify as “harmful” material under the statute. The circuit court denied both of defendant’s motions. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
ANALYSIS
A. CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE
Defendant first levies a constitutional challenge to section 11 — 21 (hereinafter Harmful Materials statute), arguing that the statute (1) does not conform with the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. California,
We begin our analysis by recognizing the well-established rule that “[a]ll statutes are presumed to be constitutional, and the burden of rebutting thаt presumption is on the party challenging the validity of the statute to demonstrate clearly a constitutional violation.” People v. Greco,
The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. People v. Ward,
The Harmful Materials statute states:
“A person who, with knowledge that a person is a child, that is a person under 18 yeаrs of age, or who fails to exercise reasonable care in ascertaining the true age of a child, knowingly distributes to or sends or causes to be sent to, or exhibits to, or offers to distribute or exhibit any harmful material to a child, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” 720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(a) (West 2002).
The statute defines “harmful material” as follows:
“Material is harmful if, to the average person, applying contemporary standards, its predominant appeal, taken as a whole, is to prurient interest, that is a shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex, or excretion, which goes substantially beyond customary limits of candor in description or representation of such matters, and is material the redeeming social importance of which is substantially less than its prurient interest.” 720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(b)(1) (West 2002).
In a section entitled “Interpretation of Evidence,” the legislаture provided further guidance as to how prosecutions under this statute should proceed:
“The predominant appeal to prurient interest of the material shall be judged with reference to average children of the same general age of the child to whom such material was offered, distributed, sent or exhibited, unless it appears from the nature of the matter or the circumstances of its dissemination, distribution or exhibition that it is designed for specially susceptible groups, in which case the predominant appeal of the material shall be judged with reference to its intended or probable recipient group.
In prosecutions under this section, where circumstances of production, presentation, sale, dissemination, distribution, or publicity indicate the material is being commercially exploited for the sake of its prurient appeal, such evidence is probative with respect to the nature of the material and can justify the conclusion that the redeeming social importance of the material is in fact substantially less than its prurient appeal.” 720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(c) (West 2000).
1. Miller’s “Obscenity” Test
Defendant argues that the language of the Harmful Materials statute does not conform with the guidelines, set forth under Miller, that a state must meet when it attempts to regulate obscene material. In Miller, the Supreme Court was “called on to define the standards which must be used to identify obscene material that a State may regulate without infringing on the First Amendment.” Miller,
After recounting both Roth v. United States,
“(a) [W]hether ‘the average person, applying contemporary community standards’ would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest [citations]; (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.” Miller,413 U.S. at 24 ,37 L. Ed. 2d at 431 ,93 S. Ct. at 2615 .
Defendant argues that the Harmful Materials statute violates guidelines (b) and (c) listed above.
Citing guideline (b)’s mandate that the proscribed depictions of sexual conduct must be “specifically defined by the applicable state law,” defendant argues that the Harmful Materials statute fails guideline (b) because the statute “has never been interpreted by the courts, let alone construed so as to provide the definitional boundaries required under Miller.” Defendant also argues that the “statute, as written, fails to define or describe what constitutes a proscribed depiction of sexual conduct.”
Defendant further argues that guideline (b)’s “specific definition” requirement is also violated by the section of the Harmful Materials statute that requires the trier of fact to determine whether the “predominant appeal” of the material at issue is to the “prurient interest” of both an average person and average children of the same general age as the child to whom the material was distributed. See 720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(b)(1), (c) (West 2002).
Additionally, defendant argues that guideline (c) is violated because instead of limiting the inquiry into whether the material at issue, “taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value” (Miller,
The State argues that the guidelines set forth in Miller do not apply here because the Harmful Materials statute does not simply target and criminalize the distribution of “obscene” material to children; it seeks to criminalize the distribution of any material deemed “harmful” to them, even if that material would be constitutionally protected under the first amendment if distributed to adults. Relying on Ginsberg v. New York,
In Ginsberg, two proprietors of a Long Island lunch counter were prosecuted under section 484 — h of the New York Penal Law
After noting that “[t]he ‘girlie’ picture magazines involved in the sales here [were] not obscene for adults” (Ginsberg,
“Appellant’s primary attack upon [section] 484 — h is leveled at the power of the State to adapt [the] Memoirs [obscenity] formulation to define the material’s obscenity on the basis of its appeal to minors, and thus exclude material so defined from the area of protected expression. He makes no argument that the magazines are not ‘harmful to minors’ within the definition in subsection 1(f). Thus ‘[n]o issue is рresented ... concerning the obscenity of the material involved.’ Roth, supra, at 481 n.8.” Ginsberg,390 U.S. at 635 ,20 L. Ed. 2d at 201 ,88 S. Ct. at 1278 .
Citing the New York Court of Appeals, the Court rejected the defendant’s argument that a State may not “ ‘employ variable concepts of obscenity’ ” depending upon the reader’s age:
“ ‘[M]aterial which is protected for distribution to adults is not necessarily constitutionally protected from restriction upon its dissemination to children. In other words, the concept of obscenity or of unprotected matter may vary according to the group to whom the questionable material is directed or from whom it is quarantined. Because of the State’s exigent interest in preventing distribution to children of objectionable material, it can exercise its power to protect the health, safety, welfare and morals of its community by barring the distribution to children of books recognized to be suitable for adults.’ ” Ginsberg,390 U.S. at 636 ,20 L. Ed. 2d at 202 ,88 S. Ct. at 1278-79 , quoting Bookcase, Inc. v. Broderick,18 N.Y.2d 71 , 75,271 N.Y.S.2d 947 , 952,218 N.E.2d 668 , 671 (1966).
Though section 484 — h criminalized the distribution of nonobscene, and, therefore, constitutionally protected, material, the Court upheld the statutory scheme and affirmed the defendant’s conviction:
“We do not regard New York’s regulation in defining obscenity on the basis of its appeal to minors under 17 as involving an invasion of such minors’ constitutionally protected freedoms. Rather [section] 484 — h simply adjusts the definition of obscenity ‘to social realities by permitting the appeal of this type of material to be assessed in terms of the sexual interests ...’ of minors. [Citations.] That the State has powеr to make that adjustment seems clear, for we have recognized that even where there is an invasion of protected freedoms ‘the power of the state to control the conduct of children reaches beyond the scope of its authority over adults. ...’ [Citation.]” Ginsberg,390 U.S. at 638 ,20 L. Ed. 2d at 203 ,88 S. Ct. at 1279-80 .
We have previously interpreted Ginsberg as allowing a state to regulate and criminalize the distribution to children of material that it could not if distributed to adults. See People v. Lerch,
More importantly, Miller, upon which defendant’s first tilt at the Harmful Materials statute relies, recognizes this principle:
“ ‘We have indicated ... that because of its strong and abiding interest in youth, a State may regulate the dissemination to juveniles of, and their access to, material objectionable as to them, but which a State clearly could not regulate as to adults. Ginsberg v. New York, ... [390 U.S. 629 (1968)].’ Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. Dallas,390 U.S. 676 , 690 (1968) (footnote omitted).” Miller,413 U.S. at 36 n.17,37 L. Ed. 2d at 438 n.17,93 S. Ct. at 2621 n.17.
See also Federal Communications Comm’n v. Pacifica Foundation,
Of course, there are limits to this principle. A state, seeking to keep nonobscene, yet “harmful” material from its minors, can impermissibly create a statute that is overbroad in scope:
“ ‘Clearly all nudity cannot be deemed obscene even as to minors. See Ginsberg v. New York, supra. Nor can such a broad restriction be justified by any other governmental interest pertaining to minors. Speech that is neither obscene as to youths nor subject to some other legitimate proscription cannot be suppressed solely to protect the young from ideas or images that a legislative body thinks unsuitable for them.’ ” Carey,100 Ill. App. 3d at 637 , quoting Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville,422 U.S. 205 , 213-14,45 L. Ed. 2d 125 , 133,95 S. Ct. 2268 , 2274-75 (1975).
However, defendant has not asked us to consider those limits or whether the Harmful Materials statute itself is overbroad. See, e.g., New York v. Ferber,
Instead, in arguing that the Harmful Materials statute is unconstitutional, he relies solely upon Miller’s guidelines. Our legislature, in fashioning the reach of the Harmful Materials statute, was not confined to criminalizing the distribution of only “obscene” material to minors; it could regulate any material it deemed “harmful” to them even if that material was constitutionally protected if distributed to adults.
2. Vagueness Challenge
Defendant next argues that the Harmful Materials statute is unconstitutionally vague because it fails to both “provide ordinary people adequate notice of what conduct is proscribed” and “define the offense in a manner that prevents arbitrary and standardless enforcement.” Specifically, defendant contends that the statute’s “broad and antiquated” terms, i.e., “prurient interest,” “shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex, or excretion,” “substantially beyond customary limits of candor,” and “redeeming social importance,” provide “virtually no guidance as to the statute’s reach.” Defendant also argues that because these terms “fail to explain the statute’s scope,” the statute is amenable to a “standardless application of its requirements” which “may vary from courtroom to сourtroom, and judge to judge.”
Due process requires that a statute must (1) not be so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning or application and (2) provide sufficiently definite standards for law-enforcement officers and triers of fact that its application does not depend merely on their private conceptions. See People v. Smith,
Though defendant’s first amendment rights are potentially implicated by the Harmful Materials statute (for the statute’s reach stretches beyond solely “obscene” material and criminalizes the distribution of material that, though protected under the first amеndment, is deemed harmful to minors), we reject defendant’s vagueness challenge.
Both the United States Supreme Court and our supreme court have found that the language defendant claims here to be “broad and antiquated” is not unconstitutionally vague. See Ward,
“ ‘A thing is obscene if, considered as a whole, its predominate appeal is to prurient interest, that is a shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex or excretion, and if it goes substantially beyond customary limits of candor in description or representation of such matters.’ ” (Emphasis added.)
See Ward,
In both cases, the defendants’ vagueness challenges were rejected. See Ward,
Of course, the phrases defendant complains of here are not part of the everyday vernacular. It is unlikely, for instance, that the phrase “prurient interest” is еver used during causal conversation to describe purveyors of child pornography. Nor is one likely to hear a purchaser of obscene pornography publicly scolded for exhibiting a “shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex or excretion,” or a disapproving parent complain to a newspaper-stand vendor that his “girlie” magazines lack any “redeeming social value.” Yet, that does not mean the statute is vague.
“A statute or ordinance designed to regulate many types of activities must frequently be couched in general terms.” Ridens,
Moreover, we find that defendant’s vagueness challenge to the Harmful Materials statute is forestalled by both Ward and Ridens, which, in upholding Illinois’s obscenity statute, found that the very language that defendant claims here to be unconstitutionally vague was, in fact, not so. See People v. Hall,
B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant next argues that the State failed to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, it is not the function of this court to retry him on appeal. See People v. Evans,
In a bench trial, the trial court, as the trier of fact, observes the witnesses and, thus, is responsible for judging their credibility, resolving any inconsistencies, determining the weight to give their testimony, and drawing reasonable inferences from all the evidence presented. See People v. Steidl,
Defendant first argues that “[t]he State failed to prove [him] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the only evidence that [he] was even present during the minor’s viewing of the material was the uncorroborated and unreliable testimony of” G.B. Specifically, defendant characterizes G.B.’s testimony as vague and inconsistent because he could not recall the exact date of his second, more extended, viewing of defendant’s tape and he wavered as to who actually pressed the play button during this second viewing. He also argues that the State failed to prove that he “exhibited” or “distributed” the tape to any minor as required under the Harmful Materials statute, and that his mere presence in the dayroom when the tape was shown was insufficient.
Initially, we note that the circuit court, as the trier of fact, specifically found that, despite any inconsistency or discrepancy, G.B.’s testimony was credible and that defendant’s testimony was not. Due to the court’s superior position to make this credibility determination, we decline to second-guess it.
Moreover, it is irrelevant under the Harmful Materials statute whether defendant, as the purveyor of the harmful material, was actually present in the dayroom or whether he actually pressed the play button. All that the statute requires is that he “knowingly distribute[d] to or sen[t] or cause[d] to be sent to, or exhibit[ed] to, or offer[ed] tо distribute or exhibit” the tape to G.B. (720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(a) (West 2002)), and there was sufficient evidence that defendant did just that (tellingly, defendant does not contend that the tape was not “harmful” under the statute).
Not only did defendant knowingly make the tape and bring it into the Center (though he claimed by mistake), he also urged the woman shown on the tape to say: “This is for my boys at the JJP.” Based upon this evidence, the circuit court could have rationally found that defendant knowingly exhibited the tape to minors. See Ward,
Finally, defendant argues that the State failed to prove that the tape, taken as a whole, appealed to prurient interest because the circuit court only viewed selected portions of the tape. Defendant argues that, without a complete viewing of the tape, the circuit court could not rationally find an essential element of the Harmful Materials statute, i.e., that the predominant appeal of the videotape, “taken as a whole,” appeals to prurient interest.
Not only did defendant fail to object to the manner in which the tape was shown to the circuit court or include this issue in his post-trial motion, but after the prosecutor stated that the tape would not be shown in its entirety (the ideal moment for defendant to raise an objection to the State’s presentation of the tape), he entered into the following stipulation regarding the material on the tape:
“This particular incident goes on for a while. And then after this scene, there is a scene in a garage in reference to what [G.B.] had said as well, where a girl is put into handcuffs, [and] another girl is displayed. And there is intercourse with that woman as well.”
Generally speaking, a defendant is precluded from attacking or otherwise contradicting any facts to which he or she stipulated. See People v. Jennings,
“ ‘A stipulation is conclusive as to all matters necessarily included in it’ (34 Ill. L. & Prac. Stipulations § 8 (2001)) and ‘[n]o proof of stipulated facts is necessary, since the stipulation is substituted for proof and dispenses with the need for evidence’ (34 Ill. L. & Prac. Stipulations § 9 (2001)).” People v. Woods,214 Ill. 2d 455 , 469 (2005).
By stipulating that “this particular incident goes on for a while” (or, in other words, the tape is “more of the same”), defendant agreed that there was no need for the circuit court to view the entire tape. See Woods,
Affirmed.
GREIMAN, J., concurs.
Notes
Section 484 — h of the New York Penal Law made it a crime to “ ‘knowingly *** sell ... to a minor’ under 17 of ‘(a) any picture ... which depicts nudity ... аnd which is harmful to minors,’ and ‘(b) any ... magazine ... which contains ... [such pictures] ... and which, taken as a whole, is harmful to minors.’ ” Ginsberg,
This is apparently what the legislature did, for, in 1961, it also enacted an “obscenity” statute (now see 720 ILCS 5/11 — 20 (West 2002)), which, after amendment in 1973, explicitly adopted the Miller guidelines. See Ward v. Illinois,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I dissent. While I agree with the majority in many respects, I find impermissible vagueness in part of the Harmful Materials statute. As the majority explains, section (c) of the Harmful Materials statute is designed by the legislature to “provide[ ] further guidance as to how prosecutions under this statute should proceed.”
“The predominant appeal to prurient interest of the material shall be judged with reference to average children оf the same general age of the child to whom such material was offered, distributed, sent or exhibited, unless it appears from the nature of the matter or the circumstances of its dissemination, distribution or exhibition that it is designed for specially susceptible groups, in which case the predominant appeal of the material shall be judged with reference to its intended or probable recipient group.” (Emphasis added). 720 ILCS 5/11 — 21(c) (West 2000).
I find that section is vague. There is no indication as to precisely how a trier of fact, whether that be a judge or jury, could reference the age of similar children. How is a trier of fact to determine what the average child would find prurient? How is a defendant to defend against an allegation that, as in this casе, the average 16-year-old would have found the videotape prurient? No mechanism has yet been invented to allow a trier of fact to view the evidence filtered through the eyes of a child similarly situated with the victim.
“The due process vagueness standard is comprised of three elements. First, the statute must not be so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning or application. [Citation.] Second, the statute must provide sufficiently definite standards for law-enforcement officers and triers of fact that its application does not depend merely on their private conceptions. [Citation.] Finally, if the statute implicates first amendment expressive rights, it must not be so vague as to chill their free exеrcise.” People v. Smith,
Under both Smith and Garrison, there is no way for adult jurors or law-enforcement officers to apply the law, as drafted, without the taint of their private conceptions of right and wrong, moral and immoral, sexy and prurient. This is, at least in part, due to the fact that, unlike adult obscenity, the Harmful Materials statute does not limit itself to those materials that “taken as a whole, *** lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.” 720 ILCS 5/11 — 20(b) (West 2000). An adult can determine whether something is obscene based on those criteria, because no childlike prism is required. This is where the Illinois Harmful Materials statute is unconstitutionally vague. “A statute violates due process ‘on the basis of vagueness “ ‘only if its terms are so ill-defined that the ultimate decision as to its meaning rests on the opinions and whims of the trier of fact rather than any objective criteria or facts.’ ” ’ ” People v. Einoder,