47 N.Y.2d 894 | NY | 1979
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I am compelled to dissent and vote for affirmance of the order of the Appellate Division sustaining defendant’s conviction of the crime of felony murder.
On October 4, 1975 the defendant and her paramour, John MacKenzie, went to Thelma J’s Boutique in West Hempstead where they talked with Mrs. Mait, the owner. While the defendant went through the process of trying on several dresses, none of which were purchased, MacKenzie sought directions for the bathroom which was located to the rear of the store and which he carefully surveyed for the purpose of accomplishing the upcoming burglary. Three days later at about 2:15 a.m. MacKenzie, accompanied by defendant, pulled into the rear alleyway behind Thelma J’s Boutique, and stopped the car with the car trunk facing the rear bathroom window. On the evening before, he had purchased an ankle holster for a gun he owned. While the defendant acted as a lookout, MacKenzie entered the boutique by the bathroom window and he then brought numerous articles of women’s clothing, including 240 ladies’ blouses, 16 pantsuits and 16 ladies’ coats, into the bathroom and gave these articles to defendant through the bathroom window. She, in turn, placed them in the trunk of the car. At this point Officer Hofknecht, who was on routine patrol duty accompanied by Officer Hayes, saw the car in the alley and spotted the open bathroom window to the boutique. They promptly called for assistance. They then saw the defendant hiding behind the car. Any questioning by the officers took from one to three minutes and was limited to inquiry of what she was doing. No arrest was then made.
Meanwhile Officer Matthew Giglio, who had just arrived pursuant to the radio call, went to the street at the request of the two other officers to "cover the front of the store” and, simultaneously, MacKenzie broke out the front of the store. Officer Giglio, who had not drawn his gun, attempted to stop MacKenzie but at that point MacKenzie, who was attempting to escape from the scene and who was exiting the store and moving away from it, shot Officer Giglio who later died from the wound inflicted by MacKenzie.
Defendant now contends that there should be a reversal in that the court erred in refusing to charge the jury in the following respects as requested by the defendant: (1) "You must determine whether or not the felony of burglary had
We find no error or deficiency in the court’s main charge or its refusal to adopt these specific requests to charge. The defendant willingly and voluntarily involved herself, and indeed fully participated, in a burglary; and, by doing so, she necessarily accepted all the consequences of the felony murder committed either during the course of the burglary or during MacKenzie’s immediate flight from the burglary. Here, it cannot be reasonably argued that Officer Giglio’s momentary intervention as MacKenzie was exiting the boutique and fleeing from the burglary, terminated either the burglary or MacKenzie’s immediate flight therefrom. In People v Jackson (20 NY2d 440, 455), a unanimous court upheld the felony murder conviction upon facts significantly similar and really identical to those here present. There "[t]he defendant was intercepted by Patrolman Ramos as he was emerging from the hotel where the robbery was committed. A scuffle ensued and the police officer was shot only a few short feet from the premises. Thus, unities of time and place between the robbery and the homicide were such that it is inconceivable that a sensible jury would have acquitted”. (See, also, People v Moll, 26 AD2d 654, affd 21 NY2d 706.)
At this point, it is essential to carefully note that the defendant’s request to charge concerning the termination of the burglary was apparently premised upon the definition and the law of felony murder under the prior statute. Subdivision 2 of section 1044 of the former Penal Law provided that a felony murder be committed "by a person engaged in the commission of * * * a felony”. As revised and amended, the Penal Law which became effective September 1, 1967 provides one is guilty of felony murder when "[ajcting either alone or with one or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit * * * burglary * * * and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate fight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of a person” (Penal Law, § 125.25, subd 3; emphasis supplied). It is important to further note that this revision was made in order to "eliminate many technical issues which inevitably
An examination of the first request made by defendant made no mention whatsoever of felony murder liability in the event the killing took place during "immediate flight” and if couched in the terms requested by defendant, it would have been an erroneous charge. That request spoke only to an instruction that the jury were required to acquit if they found the burglary alone had terminated at the moment of the killing.
Advancing one further step, even if the request could be
Addressing the second requested charge relating to defendant’s freedom from criminal liability even if she was in custody at the time Officer Giglio was shot, we are reminded that such a request, absent any reference to the statutory liability for "immediate flight” from a felony, would also have been improper. Going one step further, however, (which we need not do) and assuming that the request contained a direction that defendant should be acquitted because such custody would have terminated both the underlying felony and immediate flight therefrom, such a charge would obviously have been improper. Even though the defendant had no
Quite apart from the analysis made of the case before us up to this point, we emphasize that indeed the court did charge, as noted above, that the jury were required to find as a fact whether the murder was in furtherance of the burglary or of the immediate flight. The court did not decide that the homicide had occurred during the course of the burglary as a matter of law. An examination of the charge will promptly reveal that this question was left for the jury to decide. Actually, the questions of participation, termination and of the immediate flight therefrom were all left for the jury to determine. To adopt and embrace defendant’s convoluted argument and interpretation of the felony murder statute would not only defy ordinary logic but would do utter violence to the specific language of the statute and the avowed intent of the Legislature.
Both at common law and by statute in New York (Penal Law, § 125.25) a felonious homicide is considered murder by operation of the legal fiction of transferred intent, and the homicide is characterized as having been committed with malice prepense (People v Luscomb, 292 NY 390, 395; People v Hüter, 184 NY 237; Mansell and Herbert’s Case, 2 Dyer 128.b; 4 Blackstone, Commentaries, 198). "It is the malice of the
The majority has not addressed the other assigned errors, all of which are without any merit and, hence, they need not be addressed.
In all these circumstances, the defendant’s conviction of the felony murder of the police officer should be upheld, and the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Chief Judge Cooke and Judges Jasen, Jones, Wachtler and Fuchsberg concur; Judge Gabrielli, dissents in part and votes to affirm in a separate opinion.
Order modified and case remitted to Nassau County Court for a new trial on the felony murder, count in accordance with the memorandum herein and, as so modified, affirmed.
Defendant was questioned rather casually regarding only her identity for from one to three minutes, and there is no dispute that she was not physically restrained and, indeed, she was left unattended when the two officers heard a shot.
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
Memorandum.
The order of the Appellate Division should be modified by vacating the conviction for felony murder and remitting that count to County Court, Nassau County, for a new trial, and, as so modified, affirmed.
Our disposition is not, as viewed by the dissenter, based on the refusal of the trial court to charge in accordance with the specific requests made by defense counsel. Rather it is predicated on the persistent refusal of the trial court (to which defense counsel registered timely protest) to charge the jury in any way as to the effect of any police custody or arrest of either participant as related to the felony murder count. As we said in People v Gladman (41 NY2d 123, 129), "the issue of whether the homicide occurred in 'immediate flight’ from a felony is only rarely to be considered as a question of law for resolution by the court. * * * Rather, the question is to be submitted to the jury, under an appropriate charge.” Thus, defendant was entitled to have the jury instructed as to the significance, if any, to be attached to police custody or arrest of either participant, if the jury concluded that there was such custody or arrest. To the extent that by refusing to give such a charge the court determined as a matter of law that any police custody or arrest was irrelevant, it was error.
We have examined defendant’s other contentions and find them to be without merit.